Chapter 5 Q&A

In the absence of a clear expected net gain, people are likely to act.

False

The health belief model can be simply applied by excluding analysis of modifying factors.

False

High perceived threat coupled with high efficacy results in a danger control response according to the EPPM.

True

Perceived threat is actually a compound of two elementary constructs.

True

The threat appraisal process refers to assessing the seriousness of a health threat.

True

A positive net gain in the mental math equation can be achieved by:

An increase in the perceived value of expected benefits AND A decrease in the perceived barriers to the health action

Which of the following is not a cue to action in the health belief model?

Barters

Even though the Health Belief Model is a relatively simple tool that can easily be applied to health promotion practice, it is often applied incorrectly. What are the problems that HBM have?

Expected net gain is represented only by costs thereby excluding the critical value of gain. Perceived severity or perceived susceptibility is often left un-measured or not operationalized in a standard way thereby compromising the integrity of the model. Modifying factors are seldom included in analyses based on the HBM and cues to action are typically neglected.

According to the EPPM, the message components or content should involve the two constructs of rewards and costs.

False

Fear appeals are effective for everyone because people tend to perceive scary stimuli similarly.

False

One's perceptions are not important in the mental math equation; the costs and benefits of behavior change are typically clear cut and do not vary from person to person.

False

Protection motivation theory describes coping appraisal is essentially people deciding if the costs for engaging in a health behavior outweigh the benefits.

False

Reactance and denial are two types of danger control responses.

False

Response efficacy and self-efficacy are both part of the threat appraisal process.

False

The health belief model was initially used to identify determinants of being screened for HIV.

False

Which of the following is least likely to be a common modifying factor?

Height

Which of the following statements best describes how a positive net gain is achieved?

Increasing the perceived value of benefits that can be expected from a action AND Decreasing the perceived barriers to performing a action

In the Health Belief Model, a positive net gain can be achieved by:

Increasing the perceived value of benefits that can be expected from the action and Decreasing the perceived barriers to perform the action

Value-expectancy models represent a class of theories that, at their core, assume people will change a behavior it they anticipate the personal benefits derived from the outcome will outweigh any costs incurred through enacting the behavior. Choose the theories or models that are not an example of value-expectancy models.

Information-motivation-goal skills model

Health Belief Model is logical, well-articulated, and simple model that the primary construct is indeed predicated on the basis that behavior change will occur only when sufficient benefits remain after subtracting the costs incurred by the performing the behavior. There are two constructs that have independent influences on health behavior. What are those two?

Perceived threat and Expected net gain

What are the two constructs that have an independent influence on health behavior?

Perceived threat and expected net gain

Which of the following is most similar to a flight response?

Smoking cessation

According to the EPPM, fear appeal messages that are accepted result in engaging in a danger control process.

True

As perceived threat decreases and expected net gain increases, likelihood of action increases.

True

Defensive avoidance is the blocking of thoughts or feelings about a particular health threat.

True

Perceived threat is moderated by a host of modifying factors such as age, race, SES, and knowledge pertaining to disease in question.

True

The Health Belief Model posits that cues to action may be events, symptoms experienced physically by the person, or reminders provided by a credible source.

True

The Health Belief Model suggests that perceived threat is actually a compound of the two elementary constructs of severity and susceptibility.

True

The fear control process described in the EPPM is similar to the coping appraisal process from the PMT.

True

Value expectancy theories assume that people change their behavior based on a mental math—that the benefits of behavior change outweigh the costs.

True

When combining the constructs "perceived severity" and "perceived susceptibility," you get the level of perceived threat imposed.

True

The basic premise of both PMT and EPPM is when individuals are faced with a scary stimuli

an automatic appraisal is triggered AND cognitive assessments of the situation are made

For fear appeals to be effective, the EPPM states that

messages must convey high perceived threat to the audience AND messages must have convincing efficacy

Observational studies testing the PMT have shown that

the coping variables have stronger associations with health-adaptive behaviors than the threat variables

The PMT states that the following has the greatest impact on message efficacy

vulnerability of the health threat severity of the health threat response efficacy self-efficacy