Chapter 5 questions
In what ways can facial expressions be arbitrary codes?
1. A facial expression can mean what we want it to mean. (Rolling our eyes is not intrinsic or iconic. The meaning of this gesture is conventional) 2. When facial expressions adhere to the arbitrary display rules found in most societies.
What do recent research studies review about how altruism and prosocial behavior are related to displaying and recognizing certain kinds of facial expressions?
1. Altruists were more helpful and selfless 2. When examining expressions, the altruists smiled in a more genuine way 3. People who recognize expressions of fear behaved any more prosocial way 4. Ability to see fearful expressions was a strong predictor of altruism and prosocial behavior
What are the two basic propositions of the dialect theory of facial expressions?
1. As with other languages, different cultures can express themselves in different dialects. 2. The presence of dialects has the potential to make recognition of an emotion less accurate across cultural boundaries.
What facial expressions yield less consensus, but are still considered by some researchers as basic emotions?
1. Contempt 2. Disdain 3. Embarrassment 4. Interest
What are display rules and what are the four ways we adapt our facial expressions in light of them?
1. Designing a facial expression for the sake of others. (Not showing the hurt we feel when we are let down, putting on a happy face when we are depressed) 1. Neutralizing an effect (Felt emotion registers on the face as blank) 2. Overintensifying an affect (Show more emotion than actually felt) 3. Deintensifying an affect (Show less emotion than actually felt) 4. Masking an affect (Substitute expression of an emotion for another)
What are the three main types of facial paralanguage or affect displays as classified by Eckman?
1. Emblems 2. Illustrators 3. Regulators
What functions do eyebrow flashes in tongue- showing seem to perform?
1. Eyebrows flashes: A short raising of the browse, as a greeting gesture 2. Tongue-showing: Is both a sign of concentration as well as a primary facial display performed when displayer wants to discourage interaction
What are audience effects, what studies have confirmed their presents? What do you supporters of the behavioral ecology view see as the primary function of facial expressions?
1. Facial expressions don't show up without an audience. Studies: Spontaneous acts of facial mimicry, such as wincing in pain when seeing another wincing in pain, was more likely occurrence when I contact could be made with that person. Function: They see that facial expressions don't convey emotions at all but only the intentions arising out of a social situation.
How do you individualistic and collectivist cultures different in terms of the expression of emotions?
1. Individualistic: Free to display a range of emotions 2. Collectivist: Suppress negative emotions because it may upset the whole group
In what ways can facial expressions be iconic codes?
1. Mimicking emotional expressions through deception. 2. We show other on felt emotions(being happy with a shit gift) 3. We also use put-ons (used when telling stories, describing experiences)
What kind of evidence exists to support the notion that emotional signaling in general, and facial expressions in particular, are innate?
1. Observations of species in which this communication is common 2. Research of infants showing development skills in sending and responding to facial expressions 3. Studies of people bore without the ability to see or hear who none-the-less shoe many facial expressions shown by other too.
Be able to contrast the traditional categorical view of facial expressions with Russell's dimensional view and frilund's view of facial expression
1. Russell's view: Dimensional view, asserts that facial expressions only review various states corresponding to help pleasant/unpleasant, aroused/on aroused, or strong/weak we happen to feel at a point in time. 2. Fridlund's view: Expressions don't reveal our emotions, but only signal our intentions to others and are therefore strictly social in nature
What is the facial feedback hypothesis and how have researchers tested it?
1. Someone's facial expression of an emotion can directly and immediately influence the persons experience of the emotion Tests: People who were electrically shocked and pretended to feel no pain felt less pain than others Saying the sound "u" Increases forehead temperature, which is associated with negative emotions
What are EyeI flashes and what purpose do they serve?
1. Speakers often widen their eyelids while stressing certain words or phrases They emphasize words and help us coordinate the turn taking that occurs in face-to-face interactions
What are the six basic emotions
1. Surprise 2. Fear 3. Disgust 4. Anger 5. Happiness 6. Sadness
What are some of the benefits of smiling?
1. We judge a person as more sociable, sincere, intelligent, attractive, cooperative and nicer when they were smiling 2. Smiling faces tend to be seen as more familiar 3. In a study, researchers found that smiling intensity predicted personality and range of positive outcomes later in life
What is the emotion overgeneralization hypothesis and how does zebrowtiz and others research illustrate it?
1. We may see an emotion in a persons face, even if it's neutral, and associate that persons face with the emotion because the face objectively resembles in emotion. Illustration: Men's faces were more likely to resemble anger, whereas women's were more likely to resemble surprise. Participants in a study agreed with this.
What have researchers found concerning men and women and smiling?
1. Women smile more than men in photos usually 2. Some scholars contend women have been smiling longer than men for a long time 3. There is a possibility women are more likely to smile strategically 4. There can be more social pressure on women to smile
What are decoding rules?
Culturally prescribed rules learned early in life that manage the perception and interpretation of others emotional expressions.
How does the power distance orientation of a culture affect its members expression of emotion?
Different cultures of people are more or less comfortable showing certain expressions to certain people
What are micro-expressions?
Expressions that occurs rapidly, come and go in seconds, provide a reliable source of how someone really feels. Period
How do each of the personality characteristics of extroversion, social anxiety and hostility/aggression affect the expression and perception of emotion?
Extroversion: Outgoing people tend to be more expressive. Their brains respond more emotionally to a smiling face. Social anxiety: Avoid faces that show negative emotions, they recognize fearful face is better, they recognize happy expressions well but struggle to recognize all positive emotions Hostile/angry: Less likely to use non-enjoyment smiles, less inclined to smile to be polite or as a listening response, more likely to see anger in faces of people who aren't expressing it, may feel justified acting aggressively when a threat is perceived
What is the fundamental claim presented in this chapter, and what is the obvious implication of this, from a communication standpoint?
Facial expression prototypes exist for certain emotions. When person A feels a particular emotion, such as anger or joy, it shows on her face in a particular way (encoding) and when person B sees person A's face, he can correctly interpret how she's feeling (decoding).
What are affect blends?
Facial expressions that exhibit more than one emotion at a time
What does the author say is the best example of how spontaneous and posed facial expressions can be distinguished from each other, and how specifically do these two expressions differ in this example?
Facial muscles can be hard to control. Smiling is the best example. -Deuchenne smiles and enjoyment smiles differ from the less sincere variety that are usually limited to an asymmetrical smiling mouth, fragmented, and more poorly timed than the other.
How did the facial expression of contempt fair in decoding studies taking a fixed-choice approach versus a free-response approach and what does this demonstrate concerning research methods?
Fixed choice: Studies found that respondents select the correct term for each facial expression, although happiness tended to be more recognizable then discussed or anger Free response: Regardless of the criterion used, no more than 2% of the respondents answered within a correct label for the face of contempt.
What do recent research studies review concerning how psychological depression affects one's ability to recognize positive and negative emotions?
Peeps with depression were able to identify expressions of sadness faster and more slower at identifying expressions of happiness
What have cross cultural investigations by researchers suggested in regarding facial expressions?
People all over use and interpret facial expressions in very similar ways and that cultural differences in expressing emotions such as anger, disgust, and fear are due to different beliefs about whether or not it is appropriate to show an emotion in a certain situation and not on real differences in the facial appearance of the emotion
What is emotional contagion?
Phenomenon in which emotions spread from person to person.
What is a collectivist culture
Promotes group harmony and favors group over individual needs
What is an individualistic culture
Promotes needs and interests of the individual, encouraging members to become unique and self important
What are the four types of smiles that Paul Eckman identified that cannot be separated from the verbal context in which they occur?
Qualifier smile, compliance smile, coordination smile, listener response smile
Listener response smile
Smiles that encourage a speaker to keep talking
What is primitive emotional contagion and what is the two-step process of it?
We catch others emotions by: 1. Emotional mimicry and synchrony and 2. Facial, vocal, and postural feedback
What kinds of emotions do we expect from men versus women?
Women: Happiness, shame, fear, embarrassment, sadness Men: Anger, contempt, disgust, pride
Compliance smile
in reaction to unpleasant news, acknowledging that the news will be accepted without protest
Coordination smile
polite, affirms another, shows agreement, approval, and understanding.
Qualifier smile
takes the edge off an unpleasant or critical message making it difficult for the target of the message to avoid smiling in return
