Chapter 5 Reading

__________ are more likely to express empathy.

women

In 1965, Harvard Business School had never granted a degree to a woman. In the class of 2021, 43% of the students were women. This is an example of how ________ _________ vary over time.

gender roles

Learning dirty words, musical tastes, and your culture as a whole comes from ___________ influence.

peer or social

The distance that individuals like to keep between each other during interactions is called ________ ________.

personal space

Select all that apply Which of the following constitute culture? a. Ideas b. Attitudes c. Genes d. Traditions

a. Ideas b. Attitudes d. Traditions

In most cultures, females are expected to cook, clean, and take care of the children. This is an example of "traditional": a. gender assignment. b. gender role. c. gender identity. d. gender dysphoria.

b. gender role.

Norms for how a male or a female should behave is referred to as: a. gender assignment. b. gender role. c. gender dysphoria. d. gender identity.

b. gender role.

In conversation, men's style reflects their concern for Blank______ whereas women's style reflects their concern for Blank______. a. social approval; interdependence b. independence; connectedness c. connectedness; independence d. interdependence; social approval

b. independence; connectedness

Individuals from _____ cultures are more likely to use social media for self-expression (Hong & Na, 2018). a. collectivistic b. individualistic

b. individualistic

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for all of the following except: a. for starting with a finding and retrofitting a theory. b. reinforcing gender stereotypes. c. emphasizing the role of culture. d. hindsight bias.

b. reinforcing gender stereotypes.

Select all that apply In the context of cultural norms, how might a relatively formal northern European person view a person whose roots are in an expressive Latin American culture? a. Rude b. Overconcerned with time c. Charming d. Inefficient e. Warm

c. Charming d. Inefficient e. Warm

A person who demonstrates a high rate of smiling is most likely a __________.

girl

When looking at gender research, findings show that __________ play in smaller groups, play less aggressively, and tend to talk to one friend at a time.

girls

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding criticisms of evolutionary psychology? 1. Researchers work backward to explain some effect. 2. The theory can be retrofitted to whatever happens. 3. Hindsight bias is a major criticism. 4. The focus on nurture is too high.

1. Researchers work backward to explain some effect. 2. The theory can be retrofitted to whatever happens. 3. Hindsight bias is a major criticism.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about biology and culture with regard to attitudes and behaviors? a. Biology and culture interact. b. Only the culture is important. c. Everything psychological and social is ultimately biological. d. Only biology is important.

a. Biology and culture interact. c. Everything psychological and social is ultimately biological.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about gender and empathy? a. Differences in empathy are found in both laboratory and non-laboratory studies. b. Women express more empathy than men. c. Differences in empathy are found only in laboratory studies. d. Men express more empathy than women.

a. Differences in empathy are found in both laboratory and non-laboratory studies. b. Women express more empathy than men.

Select all that apply According to Leung and Bond (2004), which of the following is/are part of the Big Five Social Beliefs? a. Fate control b. Spirituality c. Social complexity d. Conscientiousness e. Neuroticism

a. Fate control b. Spirituality c. Social complexity

Select all that apply Which of the following are true with regard to smiling? a. Females smile more than males. b. Smiling indicates greater connectedness. c. Males smile more than females. d. Smiling varies from situation to situation.

a. Females smile more than males. b. Smiling indicates greater connectedness. d. Smiling varies from situation to situation.

_____ cultures have historically had less experience with disease outbreaks and, therefore, place less emphasis on rule-following (Grossmann & Varnum, 2015; Morand WAlther,2018). a. Individualistic b. Collectivistic

a. Individualistic

Select all that apply Identify true statements about the interaction of biology and culture. a. Nature and nurture work together, not independently. b. Genes are set in stone; they seldom respond to our cultural experiences. c. Environmental factors can trigger gene expression. d. Environmental factors can shape lifelong biological changes. e. Cultural environments cannot exert long-term influence on genes.

a. Nature and nurture work together, not independently. c. Environmental factors can trigger gene expression. d. Environmental factors can shape lifelong biological changes.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about norms? a. Norms can restrain and control people. b. Norms are formalized legal rules. c. Norms are standards for behaving. d. Norms are social expectations.

a. Norms can restrain and control people. c. Norms are standards for behaving. d. Norms are social expectations.

According to studies (Ferriman et al., 2009; Katz-Wize et al., 2010), what happens following the birth of a child? a. Parents, but especially women, become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes and behaviors. b. Parents, but especially men, become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes and behaviors. c. Men and women both become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes and behaviors at about equal rates and levels.

a. Parents, but especially women, become more traditional in their gender-related attitudes and behaviors.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true about gender roles across the world? a. The majority of people would like to see more equal gender roles. b. There are no gender inequalities. c. People across countries share the same opinion about whether both spouses should work. d. There are gender role inequalities.

a. The majority of people would like to see more equal gender roles. d. There are gender role inequalities.

Select all that apply Identify the changes in gender roles in the United States in the past half-century. a. The number of people who see women as more competent than men has increased. b. The shift in attitude toward gender roles is not accompanied by a similar change in behaviors. c. The time fathers spent caring for children has increased. d. The gender gap in hours devoted to housework has increased.

a. The number of people who see women as more competent than men has increased. c. The time fathers spent caring for children has increased.

Select all that apply Which of the following is/are true about personal space? a. There are cultural variations in personal space. b. There are age differences in personal space. c. There are gender differences in personal space. d. There are no individual differences in personal space within a given culture.

a. There are cultural variations in personal space. b. There are age differences in personal space. c. There are gender differences in personal space.

Select all that apply Which of the following is likely to be true of girls who have been exposed to more testosterone in the womb? a. They tend to exhibit more tomboyish play behavior than other girls. b. They show a greater interest in people than things. c. They show brain activity more typical of females. d. They resemble males in their career preferences.

a. They tend to exhibit more tomboyish play behavior than other girls. d. They resemble males in their career preferences.

On most psychological attributes, the overlap between the sexes is larger than the difference (Carothers & Reis, 2013; Hyde, 2005). a. True b. False

a. True

Select all that apply Which of the following are true with regard to gender and sexuality? a. Women are more slowly aroused. b. Women and men tend to seek equal number of partners. c. Women prefer more sexual variety. d. Men tend to seek more partners.

a. Women are more slowly aroused. d. Men tend to seek more partners.

According to the research findings, which of the following is a difference between women and men in the context of peer relationships? a. Women talk for longer than men when the goal is affiliation. b. During their first year of college, women are half as likely as men to change roommates. c. Women are more likely to use cold and impersonal language online than are men. d. Women are likely to talk more than men when the goal is asserting one's opinions and giving information.

a. Women talk for longer than men when the goal is affiliation.

Select all that apply Overall, children exposed to more testosterone in the womb exhibit the psychological pattern more typical of males including _____. a. lower language skills b. less empathy c. greater interest in people than things d. less eye contact

a. lower language skills b. less empathy d. less eye contact

Ina studies and plans for the future. Ina is most likely invested in the social belief of ______. a. reward for application b. cynicism c. fate control d. social complexity

a. reward for application

Select all that apply Compared with men, women's conversation styles reflect a concern for ______. a. sensitivity b. independence c. personal relationships d. competition

a. sensitivity c. personal relationships

In families, who binds people together (Rossi & Rossi, 1990)? a. women b. men c. This is an area with no real gender difference.

a. women

As noted by Judith Rich Harris in 1998, humans have 46 chromosomes. How many are unisex? Multiple choice question. a. 46 b. 45 c. 44 d. 43

b. 45

Select all that apply In the context of cultural norms, how might relatively formal northern Europeans come across to an expressive Latin American person? a. Charming b. Efficient c. Cold d. Time-wasting

b. Efficient c. Cold

Which of the following is a common norm for friendship in Japan? a. Friends do not have concept of privacy among them. b. Friend do not embarrass their friends with public criticism. c. Friends divulge things said in confidence only to their immediate family. d. Friends avoid making eye contact while talking to their friends.

b. Friend do not embarrass their friends with public criticism.

Select all that apply According to evolutionary psychology, what two abilities are the most important similarities among humans? a. Work b. Learn c. Adapt d. Love

b. Learn c. Adapt

Select all that apply Which of the following is/are examples of natural selection? a. Handedness in the human b. The speed of a cheetah c. The chameleon's ability to change colors d. Blue eyes in the human

b. The speed of a cheetah c. The chameleon's ability to change colors

In the context of jobs, which of the following statements is true of men? a. They outnumber women in caregiving professions, such as social work and teaching. b. They gravitate disproportionately to jobs that enhance inequalities. c. They are less interested in math-intensive careers than are women. d. They value good hours over earnings and promotion.

b. They gravitate disproportionately to jobs that enhance inequalities.

According to research findings, when under stress, which of the following are women most likely to do? a. Combat the threat with a counter-threat b. Turn to friends and family for support c. Respond with "fight or flight" d. Hide their problems from friends

b. Turn to friends and family for support

Select all that apply Which of the following are true about stress and gender? a. When under stress women tend to respond with fight or flight. b. When under stress women seek social support. c. When under stress women often "tend and befriend." d. When under stress men often "tend and befriend."

b. When under stress women seek social support. c. When under stress women often "tend and befriend."

Friendships and status normas are an example of a. ethnocentrism b. cultural similarities c. cultural differences d. display rules

b. cultural similarities

In essentially every society, (men/women) are socially dominant (Pratto, 1996).

men

Select all that apply Which of the following are true with regard to gender and aggression? a. Men tend to use more verbal aggression. b. Men and women do not differ in their use of aggression. c. Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression. d. Men tend to use more direct aggression.

c. Gender differences may be affected by the context of aggression. d. Men tend to use more direct aggression.

Which of the following has been found to be true about gender and social dominance across countries? a. Neither gender is socially dominant. b. Women are socially dominant in collective cultures. c. Men are socially dominant. d. Women are socially dominant.

c. Men are socially dominant.

Select all that apply In the context of aggression, identify true statements about aggressive behavior of men and women. a. Women are less likely to spread malicious gossip than men. b. Men are much less likely than women to injure others with direct aggression. c. Men exhibit more physical aggression than women. d. Men admit to less aggression than women do. e. Women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts than men.

c. Men exhibit more physical aggression than women. e. Women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts than men.

In the context of jobs, which of the following statements is true of women? a. They gravitate disproportionately to jobs that enhance inequalities. b. They are likely to prefer jobs dealing with things over the ones requiring interpersonal skills. c. They are likely to be more interested in jobs dealing with people than are men. d. They gravitate to jobs that increase inequalities.

c. They are likely to be more interested in jobs dealing with people than are men.

According to the research findings about peer relationships, which of the following is likely to be true of women from individualistic cultures? a. They are less aware of how their actions affect other people then are men. b. They use more hostile language online than do men. c. They are more likely than men to describe themselves in relational terms. d. They are likely to spend more time on social networking sites than on gaming sites.

c. They are more likely than men to describe themselves in relational terms.

In collectivistic cultures, violating norms is punished most harshly in which of the following situations (Feinberg et al. 2019)? a. When the violation is committed by a female b. When the violation relates to religion c. When others are harmed d. When the violation is public

c. When others are harmed

Dr. T. is studying the transmission of ideas and traditions from one generation to the next. Dr. T. is most likely studying: a. genetics. b. gender. c. culture. d. epigenetics.

c. culture.

Person J likes to play in a smaller group and tends to value talking intimately. Person J is most likely ______. a. an adolescent b. from an African culture c. female d. male

c. female

Eagly and Wood theorize that gender differences are due to both biology and culture inclining men and women to separate into a division of ______. a. personality b. neurological reactions c. labor d. geographical regions

c. labor

Across the globe, the majority of people would like to see gender roles become more: a. varied. b. well-defined. c. parallel. d. conventional.

c. parallel.

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are referred to as ___________.

culture

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question According to evolutionary theory, females seek to reproduce "wisely," while males seek to reproduce: a. "carefully." b. "wildly." c. "rarely." d. "widely."

d. "widely."

Which of the following confirms that much of human behavior is socially programmed? a. Lack of commonalities among members of a homogenous ethnic group living in a separate region of the world b. Lack of cultural differences among people in cosmopolitan city c. Influence of genes on human behavior d. Diversity of human languages, customs, and expressive behavior

d. Diversity of human languages, customs, and expressive behavior

Which group tends to have more permissive attitudes toward sex? a. Mature adults b. Same-sex couples c. Women d. Men

d. Men

In the context of cultural diversity, which of the following statements is true about human behavior? a. Much of it a result of nature, not nurture. b. It is largely hardwired. c. It is unaffected by culture. d. Much of it is socially programmed.

d. Much of it is socially programmed.

Which of the following processes passes heritable traits aiding in survival and reproduction to the next generation? a. Gene expression b. Genetic drift c. Epigenetic regulation d. Natural selection

d. Natural selection

______ countries are more likely to allow people more latitude in making their own decisions. a. Southeast Asian b. Asian c. Middle Eastern d. Western

d. Western

Avery uses assertive influence tactics and is not very satisfied with her life. Avery is most likely demonstrating the social belief of ______. a. social complexity b. neuroticism c. fate control d. cynicism

d. cynicism

The characteristics people associate with males and females that can be rooted in biology, culture, or both, are referred to as: a. sex. b. sexuality. c. identity. d. gender.

d. gender.

One of the major criticisms of evolutionary psychology is the Blank______, which is the tendency to explain past behavior instead of predicting future behavior. a. self-serving attribution b. artificial selection c. defensive pessimism d. hindsight bias

d. hindsight bias

Eagly and Wood theorize that gender differences are due to both biology and culture inclining men and women to separate into a division of ______. a. geographical regions b. personality c. neurological reactions d. labor

d. labor

Evolutionary psychology predicts sex differences in all of the following areas except: a. dating. b. reproduction. c. mating. d. taste preferences.

d. taste preferences.

A child who is born with both male and female sex organs, or organs that are in between traditional male and female (such as a small penis or a large clitoris) is a(n) ___________ child

intersex

According to Eagly and Wood, biological influences and childhood socialization, predispose a sexual division of __________.

labor, role

Perhaps the most important similarity among humans is to ________ and __________, which allows us to live creatively in a changing world.

learn, adapt

____________ prescribe proper behavior by setting standards for accepted and expected behavior.

norms

Individual variation in personality is accounted for by genetic influences, shared environment, and __________ influence.

peer

The major male sex hormone is called __________.

testosterone

____________ are more likely to express empathy.

women