Chapter 5 real
106. The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about:
C) 80 percent.
75. A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique.
D) in vivo
2. The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are the:
B) anxiety disorders.
112. According to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity:
B) are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately.
7. People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to:
A) experience another anxiety disorder, too.
30. Which of the following is an example of a metaworry?
D) worrying about worrying
29. The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is:
A) "Better safe than sorry."
121. What do obsessions and compulsions have in common?
A) Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety.
56. Which of the following is TRUE about specific phobias?
A) Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia.
41. Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ______ at certain receptor sites in the brain.
A) GABA
123. Which of the following reflects the MOST common obsessive thought?
A) If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated.
44. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
A) Long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception.
6. Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing:
A) a generalized anxiety disorder.
86. Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be:
A) a social phobia.
50. Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:
A) biofeedback training.
115. Which of the following therapies is an effective long-term, nonpharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?
A) cognitive
90. An emphasis on the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went is characteristic of:
A) cognitive therapists.
96. A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is:
A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.
1. Fear differs from anxiety in that:
A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general.
100. A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely also to have which of the following?
A) fear of leaving home
87. Which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety?
A) fear of public speaking
8. A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
A) free-floating anxiety.
12. Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common:
A) in African Americans than in white Americans.
48. Disadvantages of taking benzodiazepines include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity.
31. According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are:
A) likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur.
26. Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:
A) maladaptive assumptions.
61. Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
A) modeling.
78. If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving:
A) modeling.
22. How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?
A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies
97. Rosa's heart was racing (from the four cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a:
A) panic attack.
98. You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:
A) panic attack.
4. Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):
A) panic disorder.
40. Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:
A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives.
10. Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective.
A) sociocultural
68. If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.
60. While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?
A) the trees
33. Of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is:
A) worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal.
94. A friend asks you, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. What do you think?" Based on current research, your BEST answer would be:
B) "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."
51. A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on present research, your best answer is:
B) "Try either one; they're about equally effective."
45. If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
B) a benzodiazepine.
118. When someone checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, that person is exhibiting a(n):
B) compulsion.
82. A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ______ technique
B) virtual reality.
17. According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when:
B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety.
43. GABA is related to:
B) doubling the speed of neuronal firing.
70. Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias.
B) evolutionary
9. According to DSM-5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder?
B) excessive worry for three months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress
77. Your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in:
B) flooding.
92. A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. If this is all the information you have, your BEST guess is that the person is in:
B) high school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.
23. If I believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic:
B) irrational assumptions.
24. A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
B) irrational assumptions.
25. A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying:
B) irrational assumptions.
36. "Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
79. One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called:
B) modeling.
81. Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on:
B) modeling.
14. According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses—making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals—are at risk for developing:
B) neurotic anxiety.
80. In modeling, the client:
B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object.
89. More women than men experience all of the following disorders EXCEPT:
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
99. A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
B) panic disorder.
107. Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating:
B) panic disorders.
66. Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT that:
B) phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
54. An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called:
B) phobic disorder.
46. All of the following are biological treatments for generalized anxiety EXCEPT:
B) rational emotive therapy.
35. The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called:
B) rational-emotive therapy.
49. Which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today?
B) relaxation therapy
74. The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is:
B) relaxation training.
62. According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of:
B) stimulus generalization.
73. Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
B) systematic desensitization.
21. Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common:
B) their lack of strong support from controlled studies.
120. People who experience obsessions show:
B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.
57. Of the following, those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are:
B) white American males.
117. Which of the following is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder?
C) Both drug treatments and cognitive treatments are effective.
69. Which of the following statements accurately reflects what we know from recent studies?
C) Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning.
20. Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?
C) Rogers' client-centered theory
124. Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying:
C) a checking compulsion.
84. A woman you know constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
113. People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:
C) anxiety sensitivity.
85. Which one of the following is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety?
C) apprehension about being evaluated by others
53. In order to determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, you could:
C) ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia.
125. Those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lined up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a:
C) balance compulsion.
58. Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
C) behavioral
59. When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:
C) classical conditioning.
38. Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment—mindfulness therapy—is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?
C) cognitive
111. Imagine that someone yells "Fire!" in a crowded theater, and audience members begin to try to leave the building. Some "panic," and begin pushing their way blindly through other people to an exit. This form of "panic" is:
C) common, and similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience.
65. When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the:
C) conditioned stimulus.
19. If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
C) conditions of worth.
105. Which of the following convinces researchers that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder?
C) differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders
71. Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias.
C) environmental
39. Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:
C) family pedigree studies.
110. The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
C) misinterpret bodily sensations.
95. Imagine that you are being treated for a social anxiety disorder. Your therapist watches you act out a social scene, points out what you did correctly and incorrectly, and praises you for what you did well. Which behavioral technique did your therapist NOT use?
C) modeling
16. According to Freud, children who are severely and repeatedly punished for expressing their id impulses may develop:
C) moral anxiety.
122. Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting:
C) obsessive doubts.
83. Agoraphobia is the fear of:
C) open spaces or crowds.
28. Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
C) overestimate their chances of being harmed.
34. If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
C) rational-emotive therapy.
37. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:
C) receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.
11. "Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a ______ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.
C) sociocultural
63. Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of:
C) stimulus generalization.
91. Research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all of the following among those with this diagnosis, EXCEPT:
C) underestimating how badly the social event went.
119. Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior:
C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress.
13. One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.
93. A friend asks you, "You're taking an abnormal psychology course; what's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" Your BEST research-based answer is:
D) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."
55. How do phobias and common fear differ?
D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.
109. Which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as Xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?
D) For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.
114. Luis and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed these panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Luis's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of:
D) anxiety sensitivity
27. If you live in a city, you own your home, and you pay taxes, you are LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year?
D) being diagnosed with cancer
47. Which of the following medications works primarily by enhancing GABA?
D) benzodiazepines
52. According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is:
D) better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.
116. Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n):
D) biological challenge test.
32. In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:
D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.
42. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to be involved in reducing the excitability of neurons in the brain, has been implicated in the etiology of:
D) generalized anxiety disorder.
18. "Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by:
D) humanistic theorists.
104. Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:
D) norepinephrine.
3. Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
5. Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a:
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
67. Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:
D) preparedness.
88. Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The MOST accurate diagnosis would be:
D) social anxiety disorder.
72. You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
D) systematic desensitization.
15. Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
D) the psychodynamic approach
64. When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the:
D) unconditioned stimulus.
101. The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is:
agoraphobia
108. What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?
benzodiazepine
76. A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique.
covert
102. The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat:
depression
103. Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
