chapter 5 review
Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ________.
generalization
In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated _________.
generalization
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
false
Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.
false
In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.
fixed-ratio schedule
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _________.
random amount of time has passed
Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by _________.
shaping
A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this, it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you, he is being used as a(n)
d. unconditioned stimulus.
How Do We Learn?
A. Learning that two stimuli go together B. Learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome C. Learning by watching others D. All of the above correct
One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a(n) _________
A. positive B. primary C. secondary D. Both A and C correct
Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?
Astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves.
In Continuous reinforcement:
Behavior reinforced each time it occurs
A pay check is an example of A pop quiz is an example of: Frequent flyer mileage is an example of: Slot machines are examples of:
Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule Fixed ratio schedule Variable ratio schedule
fter getting ill from eating her friend's Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn't stand the the sight or smell of turkey. And, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia felt nauseated because of the smell. This illustrates:
Generalization
These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.
Mirror neurons
__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational learning
Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?
Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a bell predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the ________ elicited a(n) ________.
a.unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned response (salivation)
If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light, you will most likely be successful if you
b. pair the light with an electric shock.
Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):
conditioned stimulus
Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding
decreases; increases
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.
higher-order conditioning
Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.
increases; increases
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
money
Which of the following reinforcers is INCORRECTLY categorized?
money—primary reinforce
Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction.
more
Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of ________.
observational learning
Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.
operant conditioning
Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
true
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
true
Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
