Chapter 5 Skin and it's layers

Rule of nine

Used to measure the severity of burns on a patient and it is done in 9% increments.

keratinocytes melanocytes dendritic tactile

What are the for cell types found in the epidermis?

Long, short, flat, irregular

What are the four shapes of bones?

epidermis dermis hypodermis

What are the three main layers of skin superficial to deep

Dermal papillae

Is the superficial region of the dermis that sends finger-like projections up into the epidermis. Found in the papillary layer of the dermis.

eccrine gland

Found all over the body. Most abundant in forehead, palms, soles of the feet. The glands are small and lead out to the surface of the epidermis. The sweat is clear and watery.

keratinocytes

Found in and are the most abundant cells of the epidermis. The fibers it produces is a protein that gives skin its protective properties. The cells are tightly connected by desmosomes and we slough off millions daily.

apocrine gland

Found in the axillary and genital areas. When the bacteria break it down that causes a gas which gives it's smell. These are large glands and join to the hair. It's releases a fatty milky sweat.

Meissner's corpuscle

Found in the dermal papillae. It is superficial, and used for light touch.

Dendritic cells

Also called Langerhans cells. Found in the epidermis and are star shaped macrophages.

Tactile cells

Also called Markel cells. Found in the epidermis. They are sensory receptors that sense touch.

Hypodermis

Also called the superficial fascia and the subcutaneous layer. This layer is deep to the skin but is not part of the skin and shares some of the skin's protective function. This layer is made up of mostly adipose tissue so it stores fat, anchors skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscle), act as a shock absorber and insulator.

Pacinian corpuscles

Also known has lamellar corpuscle. This is used for deep touch. Found in the reticular layer and shaped like a lollipop.

short

Ankle and wrist bones, which are round, are considered to be what shape of bone?

melanocytes

Brownish redish cell pigment found in the epidermis. These cells produce melanin which are then turned into melanosomes and given to the keratinocytes to shield and protect the cells from UV. So these cells make melanin which is packaged into melanosomes and transferred to the keratinocytes.

basale spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum

Give the layers of the epidermis in order from deep to superficial.

Flat

The skull and rib bones are shaped?

Irregular

The vertebral and hip bones are shaped?

sebaceous

This gland releases an oil called sebum and it is attached to the hair bulb. The sebum is used to keep skin and hair oiled.

Dermis

This is the middle layer of the skin. It is vascular, has nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands resided in this layer. It has to layer, the papillary and reticular layers.

stratum granulosum

This layer is 3rd from the bottom and is where the cells are starting to die plus part of the epidermal layer. The layer consists of 4 to 6 rows of cells and those cells are starting to flatten. The nuclei and organelles disintegrate and keratinization begins. Cells start to become water resistant because they accumulate lamellar granules which is glycolipid that slows water loss. In the keratiniztion process, cells accumulate keratohyaline granules that help from keratin fibers in upper layer.

stratum spinosum

This layer is above the stratum basale layer and is also called the prickly layer because the kerantinocytes appear spikey. Part of the epidermal layer. Besides the kerantinocytes you will find an abundant amount of melanosomes and dendritic cells. This layer is also serveral layers thick. Has prekerantin filaments attached to desmosones. Because of the desmosones, it can resist tension and pulling.

stratum lucidum

This layer is also called the clear layer and is only found in thick skin (palms and soles of the feet) plus is part of the epidermal layer. This is also an extra layer which consists of thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocyes. It lies superficial to the stratum granulosum.

stratum corneum

This layer is also called the horny layer. accounts for three-quarters of the epidermal thickness and is the most outer part of the skin, the part you can see. Though all the cells are dead they still function to protection for deeper cells from the environment, from abrasion, penetration, prevent water loss, plus a barrier from biological, chemical and physical assaults.

papillary layer

This layer is found in the dermis and is made up of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen, elastic fibers and blood vessels. Has phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms. Also has the tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles).

stratum basale

This layer is the deepest epidermal layer and also known as the stratum germinativum layer (germinating layer). It is very mitotic. This layer looks like a wavy border and about a fourth of the layer is made up of melanocytes.

Epidermis

This layer is the outer most layer of the skin. This layer has 4 different CELL types and 5 different LAYERS.

reticular layer

This layer makes up 80% of the dermis. Contains the cutaneous plexus which is a network of blood vessels between reticular and hypodermis layers.

corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum basale

give the layers of the epidermis in order from superficial to deep.