Chapter 5 The Integumentary System

Subcutaneous layer

Hypodermis

Dermal Reticular Layer

Interwoven meshwork of dense, irregular connective tissue Combine to estb. the right balance of flexibility and stability.

Thicker, raised, smooth, and shiny epidermal surface

Keloid Scars

Difference in skin color among individuals reflect

Levels of melanocytes

Melonoma

Life- threatening skin cancer

The reason the hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle is that it has a

Limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

Due to _______________________ follicles and decreased melanocyte activity.

Low- functioning Hair thins and loses color

due to __________ amount of __________ prodiction

Lower, Melanin Sensitivity to sun exposure increases

Pale crescent near the root

Lunula

Clean up Debris

Macrophages

The pigment that absorbs Ultraviolet radiation before it can damage nuclear DNA is

Melanin

Determined by amount of ________________ formed by _______________.

Melanin Melanocytes

Even though melanocytes are of normal abundance and distribution , in the inherited condition of albinism.

Melanin is not produced by the Melanocytes

In older Caucasians, the skin becomes very pale because of a decline in _________________ activity

Melanocyte

Where the nail is produced Covered by the Cuticle

Nail Root

Control of blood flow, adjustment if glandular secretion rates, and monitoring of sensory receptors in the dermis is regulated by

Nerve fibers

Epidermis

No blood vessels

Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous layer

Not actually part of the integument Made of Aerolar tissue with many Adipose cells

Shaft has three layers of dead cells

Outer to Inner: Cuticle Cortex Medulla

Dermal blood supply and epidermal pigmentation are the two basic factors interacting to

Produce skin color

Stratum granulosum

Produces keratin

Five General functions of the Integument

Protection: skin covers underlying tissues and prevents fluid loss. Temperature Maintenance: skin regulates heat exchange with the environment. Synthesis and storage of Nutrients: Epidermis synthesizes vitamin D3 and Dermis stores lipids in adipose tissue Sensory reception: Receptors for the pain, pressure, touch, and temperature detect stimuli and send inform to the nervous system. Excretion and Secretion: Glands excrete salts, water, and organic wastes. Specialized mammary glands secrete milk.

The development of gray hair is due to the

Reduction of melanocyte activity

Due to _______________ in _____________ secretions

Reduction, glandular secretions Skin becomes drier and flakier

Skin Color

Role of Dermal circulation Oxygenated blood is bright red resulting in a flushed, red skin color when dermal blood vessels dilate.

Straight hairs are _________ in cross selection; curly hair more ______________.

Round Flat

The practical limit to the healing process in the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, non cellular

Scar tissue

The appearance of blisters and very painful sensations is indicative of

Second- degree burn

Mammary Glands

Secrete Milk

Sebaceous Glands of the skin

Secrete oily Sebum Follicles include: Skin of face, Nipples, chest, external Genitalia.

Merocrine or Eccrine

Soles and Palms Sodium chloride gives it the salty taste Cools body through evaporation

An important function of the hypodermis is to

Stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues.

Stratum Spinosum

Stem cell division

The two major components of the dermis are

Superficial papillary layer and a deep reticular layer

The natural factor responsible for various shades of hair color is

The type of pigment present

Keloid

Thickened area of scar tissue

Sweat Glands aka Sudoriferous glands

Two types Apocrine Merocrine

The fine " Peach fuzz" hairs formed over much of the body surface are called

Vellus

Small amounts of ultraviolet radiation are beneficial because it stimulates the synthesis of

Vitamin D 3

When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, epidermal cells in the stratum basale convert a cholesterol related steroid into

Vitamin D 3-

Stratum corneum

end of a 7-10-day journey

Dangerously high body temp occur sometimes in the elderly due to

reduction in the number of Langerhans cells decreased sweat gland activity

The granulation tissue that appears during the healing process is a combin of

A blood cot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network.

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument results from

A decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis

Hair and Hair follicles

Accessory Organs Non-living

Goose bumps

Activated arrector pili

Apocrine

Active at Puberty Sweat is the food source for bacteria on skin, increasing odor

Produces the diversity of of skin color

Amount of Melanin produced

The hypodermis consists of

Areolar tissue and adipose cells

Stratum Basale aka Germinativum

Attached to basement membrane Forms epidermal ridges down into dermis Dermis has Dermal Papillae up into epidermis Epidermis is Avascular

Stratum Lucidum

Cells are densely packed into a highly keratinized layer.

Stratum Granulosum

Cells make a lot of Keratin- a protein that provides water resistance and the foundation for hair and nails

Sebaceous glands are sensitive to _______________ changes. Inflamed glands can result in _________.

Hormonal Acne

Skin cancer most common

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common form of skin cancer caused by exposure to UV radiation and sunlight is

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Hair production begins at the

Base of a hair follicle

The immediate response by the skin to an injury is that

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammation response.

Scab formation

Blood clot forms on the surfface Patch that can help prevent additional microbes from invading the injury

Which answer best identifies what allows the dermis to communicate with other organ systems

Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels Nerve fibers

The hormone essential for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine

Calcitriol

The two pigments contained in the epidermis in variable amounts are

Carotene and Melanin

Stratum Corneum

Contains 15-30 layers of kerantinzed or cornified dead cells

Dermal Papillary Layer

Contains Capillaries and nerves supplying the epidermis

Papillary layer ( Dermis)

Contains capillaries and nerves

Ceruminous Glands

Creates Ear wax Cerumen

Eponychium

Cuticle

Hair turns gray or white due

Decreased melanocyte activity

Cyanosis

Decreased oxygen to skin

One factor that can lead to increased skin damage and infection in the elderly is

Decreased sensitivity of the immune system

Nail bed

Deeper level of Epithelium

Skin injuries and infections are more common likely due to a thinning epidermis Sensitivity of the immune system is reduced- decrease of macrophages Muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases- decline in Vitamin D3

Effects of aging in the integumentary

3rd degree burn

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous tissue burned

2nd degree burn

Erythema and blistering Epidermis and dermis is affected

1st degree burn

Erythema of the skin Epidermis is affected

A blood clot, or scab, is made mostly of an insoluble network of _________ produced by blood proteins during the clotting process.

Fibren

Scab Formation TIssue Granulation Scab Removal Scab formation

Four steps of Skin Repair

In older adults, dry and scaly skin is usually a result of a decrease in _________________________ activity.

Glandular

Formed from the combin of the fibrin blood clot, fibroblasts, and capillaries

Granulation Tissue

The shaft of the hair us stuff due to the presence of a protein substance called

Hard Keratin

Due to _______________________ network, more noticeable when skin has been exposed to a lot of sunlight

decrease in elastic Sagging and wrinkling of the skin occurs