Chapter 5.4 Circulatory System

venules

microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins

pernicious anemia

most serious nutritional anemia, the stomach does not produce enough intrinsic factor needed to assimilate B12

HIV

occurs when the HIV virus enters a person's body. specifically infects CD+4 lymphocytes

aplastic anemia

occurs when the bone marrow slows or stops the production of blood cells.

autoimmune disease

occurs when the immune system mistakes self for nonself and attacks itself

deep vein thrombophlebitis

often accompanied by a deep ache in the area of the clot and edema distal to the location of the clot because the venous blood flow is inhibited, causing fluid to remain in the tissues

cerebrovascular accident

or stroke is caused by a disturbance in cerebral circulation. can be due to an embolism, atherosclerosis, hemorrhage or a ruptured aneurysm. weakness, paralysis, numbness, dizziness, confusion, blurred or double vision

aortic semilunar valve

permits the blood to be pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta

innate immunity

present from before birth, consisting of many nonspecific factors and blood based immunity from the mother

filtration

process in which blood pressure pushes fluids and substances through the capillary wall into the tissue spaces

immunity

refers to all the physiologic mechanisms used by the body as protection against foreign substances

anemia

refers to several conditions in which there is a rapid loss of inadequate production of red blood cells. oxygen-carrying capacity is reduced, resulting in a lack of body strength and paleness of the complexion

allergy

response is an overreaction by the immune system to an otherwise harmless substance as pollen or pet dander

acquired immunity

results from an encounter with a new substance

pulmonary embolism

shortness of breath, pain in the lungs, and coughing

thrombophlebitis

signifies the presence of a blood clot in an inflamed vein. usually occurs in the lower extremities and can affect the superficial or deep veins

arterioles

small blood vessels between the arteries and the capillaries

auricle

strictly, a small muscular appendage of each atrium.

plaque

the fatty deposits that seems to relate to the level of cholesterol in the blood

blood

the nutritive fluid circulating throughout the blood-vascular system. liquid connective tissue consisting of a fluid component and a solid component that consists of red corpuscles, white corpuscles and blood platelets

myocardial infarction

the result of a reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle due to artherosclerosis, narrowed vessels or an embolus

angina pectoris

the result of an occlusion of a coronary artery

hematoma

the result of bleeding under the epidermis and sometimes deep with the tissues of the body

hemorrhagic anemia

the result of excessive blood loss either from large wounds or internal bleeding such as bleeding ulcers or excessively heavy menstruation

hemoglobin

an iron-protein compound in red blood cells capable of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells

thrombocytes

another name for platelets

varicose veins

are characterized by protruding, bulbous, distended superficial veins, particularly in the lower legs. extensive back pressure in the veins from prolonged standing or blockage causes the veins to enlarge and stretch to the point that the valves become incompetent

lacteals

are lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine.

lymphatics

are small, intermediate lymph vessels

common carotid arteries

are the main sources of blood supply to the head, face and neck

capillaries

are the smallest blood vessels and connect arterioles with the venules

phagocytes

blood cells that are able to engulf and digest cellular debris and foreign bodies in the tissues

general or systemic circulation

blood circulation from the left side of the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

thrombus

blood clot

nutritional anemia

can be due to dietary deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or B12 all of which are essential for the production of hemoglobin

vasomotor nerves

cause the smooth muscles of the arterial walls to contract, reducing the diameter of the vessel

lymph-vascular system

consists of lymph, lymph nodes and lymphatics through which the lymph circulates

vaccine

contains microorganisms that are either dead, weakened, or altered forms of a live infectious organism that stimulates an immune response without causing an illness

pericardial cavity

contains serous fluid so that the heart is supported in position and at the same time allowed to move frictionlessly as it continually pulsates

pulmonary semilunar

directs blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries

semilunar valves

each of a pair of valves in the heart, at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, consisting of three cusps or flaps that prevent the flow of blood back into the heart.

vagus nerve

each of the tenth pair of cranial nerves, supplying the heart, lungs, upper digestive tract, and other organs of the chest and abdomen.

atrium

each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

red corpuscles

erythrocytes; carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs

blood clot

fibrin tends to stick to the damaged blood vessels, forming a meshwork that entraps other platelets and blood cells

plasma

fluid component of the blood, straw-like in color, in which are red corpuscles, white corpuscles, and blood platelets are suspended

interstitial

fluid found between cells

endothelial cells

have fine filaments that anchor the lymph capillaries in the tissue and help the capillaries to open in response to fluid pressure or the gentle stretching and relaxation of the tissues

atherosclerosis

is characterized by an accumulation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the arteries

T-Cell

is responsible for the helping of making antibodies and for killing damaged or "different" cells with the body (except bacteria)

B-cell

is responsible for the production of antibodies; proteins that can bind the specific molecular shapes

pulmonary circulation

is the blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back again to the heart. deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle of the heart, through the pulmonary arteries, to the capillaries of the lungs where carbon dioxide is replaced by oxygen

myocardium

is the cardiac muscle

vasoconstriction

is the contraction of the arterial walls

thoracic duct

is the largest lymph vessel that collects lymph from both legs and the left side of the rest of the body

aorta

is the main artery of the body. arches up from the left ventricle of the heart, extending over and down along the vertebral column

epicardium

is the protective outer layer of the heart

vasodilation

is the relaxation and enlargement of the arterial walls

endocardium

is the thin, innermost layer of the heart

septum

is the wall that separates the heart's chambers

sympathetic nervous system

its primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis.[3]

white corpuscles

leukocytes; protect the body against disease by combating infections and toxins that invade the body. produced in the spleen, lymph nodes and the red marrow of the bones

lymph capillaries

located throughout the body, with the exception of the epidermis of the skin, the CNS, the bones, and the endomysium of most muscles

mitral valve

the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps.

arteries

thick walled muscular and elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart

veins

thinner-walled blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood and waste-laden blood from capillaries back to the heart

blood platelets

thrombocytes; are colorless, irregular bodies, much smaller than red corpuscles. formed in the red bone marrow

fibrin

tissue damage causes an enzyme to be released that acts on one of the components in the plasma to activate and form threads. stick to the damaged blood vessels

arteriosclerosis

walls of the affected arteries tend to thicken, become fibrous, and lose their elasticity

systemic circulation

Circulation of blood throughout the body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to various tissues and return venous blood to the right atrium.

embolus

a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.

leukocytes

a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell.

ventricle

a hollow part or cavity in an organ, in particular. each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right. each of the four connected fluid-filled cavities in the center of the brain.

vena cava

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

erythrocyte

a red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

platelets

a small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

venous pump

a system of valves that prevent blood from flowing backward in the vein. a phenomenon that results when muscles contract and exert external pressure on the veins, which tends to collapse them

serotonin

a vasoconstrictor that causes a vascular spasm that temporarily closes blood vessel

lymphatic system

acts as an aid to, and is interlinked with, the blood vascular system. derived from the blood and interstitial fluid and is gradually shifted back into the bloodstream

tricuspid valve

allows blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle

bicuspid or mitral valve

allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle

allergen

an antigen that can cause an allergic response in some people

antigen

is anything that can trigger an immune response

immune system

helps to protect the body and keep it safe from pathogens and diseases

inflammation

immune system response to a local infection or injury that acts to isolate and resolve the damage and protect the body from invasion

cardiovascular system

includes the blood, heart and blood vessels

blood-vascular system

is a closed circuit system that consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and the blood. continuously circulates the blood throughout the body

edema

is a condition of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces. characterized by the swelling of the tissues because of excess fluid. an imbalance in fluid pressures within the capillaries

lymphoid tissue

is a cylinder of loosely organized cells surrounding small arteries. In the bone marrow this tissue is mixed with the blood-forming cells, and no organization is apparent.

hemophilia

is a disease characterized by extremely slow clotting of blood and excessive bleeding from even very slight cuts. disease is hereditary, but men are the chief sufferers

pericardium

is a double-layered membrane that encloses the heart

leukemia

is a form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled production of white blood cells.

aneurysm

is a local distention or ballooning of an artery from a weakening wall. most commonly occurs in the abdominal wall or thoracic cavity and occasionally in the cranium.

lymphatic pump

is a method of manipulation used by physicians who practice manual medicine (primarily osteopathic physicians and chiropractors).

phagocytosis

is a process in which leukocytes engulf and digest harmful bacteria.

diffusion

is a process in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

lymph

is a straw-colored fluid that is derived from and is very similar to the tissue fluid or interstitial fluid of the body part from which it flows

fever

is an abnormally high body temperature that is an immune system response to a viral or bacterial infection, or sometimes it is a response to major tissue damage. it is an indication that the body is working to get rid of a pathogen

heart

is an efficient pump that keeps the blood circulating in a steady stream through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins.

phlebitis

is an inflammation of a vein that can result from injury, surgery, or infection. symptoms include pain and inflammation along the course of the vein and swelling