Chapter 5/6 Wrap up

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:

7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information.

Which parts of a list of words are most likely to be in STM when the cue to recall the words is given?

Ones from the recency region

In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to:

last about 20 seconds.

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

the phonological loop

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory distinguishes between ______ types of different structural memories.

three

What is the basic logic behind the Wickens' "release from PI experiment?"

Changing the categories of the items improves performance.

The most famous case of amnesia in the psychology literature is that of patient H.M., who underwent surgery to treat a serious case of epilepsy. The surgeon removed which parts of H.M.’s brain?

Parts of the temporal lobes

What are the four components of Baddeley's working memory theory?

What are the four components of Baddeley's working memory theory?

Anterograde amnesia refers to forgetting things that happened __________ a traumatic event.

after

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. 7 +/- 2 meaningful chunks of information b. About 75% of visual display c. 12 +/- 3 chunks of information d. 7 +/- 2 letters or numbers e. Unlimited

a. 7 +/- 2 meaningful chunks of information

Echoic memory is thought to be: a. A lifetime b. About 1 minute, based upon evidence from the 3-eared man procedure c. About 3-4 seconds, but perhaps up to 20 seconds based upon controversial evidence d. Up to 5 minutes in the absence of interference or presentation of new information e. Less than the length of the icon

a. About 3-4 seconds, but perhaps up to 20 seconds based upon controversial evidence

The primary and recency effects in memory: a. Can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work b. Have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology c. Are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory d. Are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory e. Are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory

a. Can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work

According to Miller in his "Magical number 7+/- 2" paper, one way to exceed the limits of STM capacity is to engage in a strategy called: a. Chunking b. Rehearsal c. Rote repetition d. Imagery

a. Chunking

Luck and Vogel showed that people could remember about ______ colored shapes without making errors when shown two successive displays of shapes. a. Four b. Two c. Seven d. Three

a. Four

Introducing a delay filled with an interfering task of several minutes, between studying the list and recalling, it is likely to result in the greatest decrement for _______. a. Ones from the middle of the list b. Ones from the primacy portion c. Ones from either end d. Ones from the recency region

a. Ones from the middle of the list

In a free recall test of memory for a list of words, which items are typically recalled first? a. Ones from the recency region b. Ones from the middle of the list c. Ones from either end d. Ones from the primacy portion

a. Ones from the recency region

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. The icon b. The central executive c. The phonological loop Td. he visuospatial sketchpad The episodic buffer

a. The icon

Measures of brain activity have shown that prefrontal lobe activity increases with _______. a. The number of items held in working memory b. Episodic buffer tasks c. Spatial tasks d. Lower levels of phonological loop activity

a. The number of items held in working memory

What is the basic logic behind the Wickens' "release from PI experiment?" a. Changing the rate of presentation improves performance b. Changing the categories of the items improves performance c. Changing the length of the retention interval improves performance d. Changing the instructions improves the performance

b. Changing the categories of the items improves performance

In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to: a. Last for an unlimited amount of time b. Last about 20 seconds c. Decay slowly over 24 hours d. Last about 8 seconds e. Decay slowly over a week

b. Last about 20 seconds

Anterograde amnesia refers to forgetting things that happened ________ a traumatic event. a. Before b. During c. After d. All of the above

c. After

What are the four components of Baddeley's working memory theory? a. A central executive, sensory memory, STM, and LTM b. Sensory memory, STM, phonological loop, and LTM c. Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial scratch pad, and an episodic buffer d. LTM, phonological loop, visuo-spatial scratch pad, and sensory memory

c. Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial scratch pad, and an episodic buffer

Brooks demonstrated support for Baddeley's theory by showing that performance was best when which of the following occurred? a. People did two spatial things at once b. People did two verbal things at once c. People did one verbal and one spatial thing together d. People rehearsed at the same time they recalled things

c. People did one verbal and one spatial thing together

The Brown-Peterson task was invented in order to study forgetting in STM by preventing _______. a. Encoding b. Retrieval c. Rehearsal d. Recoding

c. Rehearsal

Measures of brain activity have shown that prefrontal lobe activity increases with ______. a. Lower levels of phonological loop activity b. Spatial tasks c. The number of items held in working memory d. Episodic buffer tasks

c. The number of items held in working memory

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a. The episodic buffer b. Both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop c. The phonological loop d. The visuospatial sketchpad e. Both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer

c. The phonological loop

The primacy and recency effects in memory:

can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work.

According to Miller in his "Magical number 7 plus or minus 2" paper, one way to exceed limits of STM capacity is to engage in a strategy called ______.

chunking

Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. A lifetime b. 5-10 seconds c. Up to 1 year d. Around one-third of a second e. Around 20 seconds

d. Around one-third of a second

According to the Atkinson Shiffrin theory, rehearsal has two main functions in memory, namely ______. a. Maintenance and storage b. Verbal and spatial c. Encoding and retrieval d. Maintenance and retrieval

d. Maintenance and retrieval

Which parts of a list of words are most likely to be in STM when the cue to recall the words is given? a. Ones from either end b. Ones from the middle of the list c. Ones from the primacy portion d. Ones from the recency region

d. Ones from the recency region

The most famous case of amnesia in the psychology literature is that of patient H.M., who underwent surgery to treat a serious case of epilepsy. The surgeon removed which parts of H.M.'s brain? a. Parts of the occipital lobes b. Parts of the parietal lobes c. Parts of the frontal lobes d. Parts of the temporal lobes

d. Parts of the temporal lobes

In 1890, William James distinguished between what he called primary memory and secondary memory. Today we recognize this distinctions as between _____ memory and ______ memory, respectively. a. Semantic; episodic b. Sensory; short-term c. Implicit; explicit d. Short-term; long-term

d. Short-term; long-term

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory distinguishes between ______ types of different structural memories. a. Five b. Two c. Four d. Three

d. Three

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:

directing the flow of information.

Luck and Vogel showed that people could remember about ____ colored shapes without making errors when shown two successive displays of shapes.

four

Introducing a delay filled with an interfering task of several minutes, between studying the list and recalling, it is likely to result in the greatest decrement for ______.

ones from the recency region

In a free recall test of memory for a list of words, which items are typically recalled first?

primary

Keppel and Underwood's experiment consisted of only three trials. They claimed that forgetting in the Brown-Peterson task) is due to ______.

proactive and retroactive interference

The Brown-Peterson task was invented in order to study forgetting in STM by preventing _______.

rehearsal

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is:

serial exhaustive.

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model?

the icon

Measures of brain activity have shown that prefrontal lobe activity increases with _______.

the number of items held in working memory