Chapter 6

Childhood Obesity

A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children in the 1970s.

Shame

A feeling of being personally humiliated.

Reactive Aggression

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

Relational Aggression

A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.

Proactive Aggression

A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal.

Selective Attention

A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.

Rehersal

A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory.

Moral Disengagement

Rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications, such as "He deserved that."

Neurons

A nerve cell that receives and communicates information throughout the body as part of the central nervous system.

neurons

A nerve cell that receives and communicates information throughout the body as part of the central nervous system.

externalising tendencies

A personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

internalizing tendencies

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.

Executive Function

Abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses.

More so than younger children, children ages 6 to 11: are better at making plans have longer attention spans do not get frustrated as easily all of the above

All of the above

Aggression

Any hostile or destructive act.

Exceptionally aggressive children who both target others for abuse and suffer abuse themselves are called _____.

Bully Victims

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, may cause people to _____. connect with others feel terrible about what they have done behave aggressively or withdraw behave in a more caring way

Behave aggressively or withdraw

Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period. concrete operations formal operations preoperations sensorimotor

Concrete operations

Both externalizing and internalizing tendencies show problems with _____. . cognitive reconstruction emotion regulation self-efficacy induction

Emotion regulation

Self-esteem

Evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people.

Bully Victim

Exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.

Six-year-old Mikey gets very angry at school and will often have outbursts in class in which he yells at the teacher and knocks over his desk. Mikey has _____. externalizing problems emotional regulation extrinsic motivation internalizing problems

Externalizing problems

Which statement about shame is FALSE? Feeling shame makes people want to strike back. Feeling shame brings people closer to others. Feeling shame makes people want to retreat. Feeling shame makes people angry.

Feeling shame bring people closer to others.

Empathy

Feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing.

Guilt

Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.

Working memory

In information-processing theory, the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood? Increase in the number of neurons Increase in the number of dendrites More room in the growing skull Decrease in myelination that allows room for more growth

Increase in the number of dendrites

Harter's 5 areas of children's self-esteem

Scholastic competence (academic) Behavioral conduct (obedience) Athletic skills (performance at sports) Peer likeability Physical appearance

Prosocial behavior

Sharing, helping, and caring actions.

Dendrites

Slender projections of the nerve cell body that receive electrical impulses from adjacent neurons.

The Pathway to Producing Problematic Aggression

Step 1: The toddler's exuberant (or difficult) temperament evokes harsh discipline. Step 2: The child is rejected by teachers and peers in school

Cyberbullying

Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media.

Frontal lobe

The area at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions.

Emotion Regulation

The capacity to manage one's emotional state

Self-Awareness

The capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.

myelination

The growth of myelin on nerve cells. The myelin coating allows nerve impulses to travel faster.

Induction

The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, which involves getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person.

synapses

The microscopic gap across which the axon of a neuron can transfer an electrical impulse to the dendrites of an adjacent neuron.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The most common childhood learning disorder in the United States, disproportionately affecting boys; characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and at school.

Prefrontal cortex

The part of the brain at the front of the frontal lobe just behind the forehead. It is responsible for executive functioning, such as decision-making, reasoning, planning, impulse control, and prioritizing tasks.

Body Mass Index

The ratio of a person's weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight.

Middle Childhood

The second phase of childhood, comprising the ages from roughly 7 to 12 years.

hostile attribution bias

The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.

Bullying

A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

Sympathy

A state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.

Learned helplessness

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying.