Chapter 6
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas? Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas? the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis a, b, and c a and b, but not c
a and b, but not c
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? a. glucose b. ATP c. water d. oxygen
a. Glucose
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? pyruvate FADH2 ATP NADH + H+ water
FADH2
Some members of which group of organisms thrive in anaerobic environments? Some members of which group of organisms thrive in anaerobic environments? fish archea plants nonhuman primates
archea
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process. Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process. pyruvic acid ... sugars glucose ... enzymes ATP ... complex carbohydrates glucose ... organelles
glucose ... enzymes
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? citric acid cycle ATP production by ATP synthase glycolysis electron transport chain acetyl CoA formation
glycolysis
Which one of the following is considered the oldest mechanism to generate ATP? Which one of the following is considered the oldest mechanism to generate ATP? the citric acid cycle photosynthesis glycolysis aerobic metabolism
glycolysis
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? ATP sugar as spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy glucose ADP
ATP
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown? NADPH ADP Pyruvate ATP FADH2
ATP
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____. cellular respiration photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation photophosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic metabolism always requires _____. Aerobic metabolism always requires _____. oxygen carbon dioxide exclusion of oxygen glucose
oxygen
Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called _____ while those that do not require oxygen are considered _____. Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called _____ while those that do not require oxygen are considered _____. anaerobic ... aerobic producers ... consumers aerobic ... anaerobic fermenters ... aerobic
aerobic ... anaerobic
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 3 5 4 2 1
2
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 2 4 5 1 3
2
The net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, in the absence of oxygen, is approximately __________. The net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, in the absence of oxygen, is approximately __________. none, because all the electrons are associated with lactic acid 2 ATPs 38 ATPs 4 ATPs
2 ATP's
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following "escorts" acetic acid produced from pyruvic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle? Which of the following "escorts" acetic acid produced from pyruvic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle? citric acid NADH carbon dioxide CoA
CoA
Which of the following statements is true about the way cells shuttle electrons from one molecule to another during cellular respiration? Which of the following statements is true about the way cells shuttle electrons from one molecule to another during cellular respiration? Electrons are added to NAD+, which then carries the electrons to another electron acceptor. NADH is suited to pick up electrons. The loss of electrons is called reduction. Water is oxidized during cell respiration.
Electrons are added to NAD+, which then carries the electrons to another electron acceptor.
What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP. It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction.
It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____. NADH and FADH2 ... mitochondrial matrix NADH ... intermembrane space NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space NADH ... mitochondrial matrix acetyl CoA ... intermembrane space
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
Marathon runners use mostly slow-twitch muscle fibers, whereas sprinters use mostly fast-twitch fibers. Why do the two types of muscle fibers perform differently? Marathon runners use mostly slow-twitch muscle fibers, whereas sprinters use mostly fast-twitch fibers. Why do the two types of muscle fibers perform differently? Extensive training explains most of the difference between how the two types of muscle fibers work. Only fast-twitch muscles can break down glucose to make ATP. They use different processes for making ATP. Fast-twitch muscle cells have a greater blood supply.
Only fast-twitch muscles can break down glucose to make ATP.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? Oxygen provides high-energy electrons for transfer to glucose. Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose. Oxygen is required to convert ADP to ATP. Oxygen is involved in the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
_____ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules. _____ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules. Chemical cycling Respiration Photosynthesis Anaerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
Which statement describes glycolysis? Which statement describes glycolysis? This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Which of the following is an autotroph? Which of the following is an autotroph? bee tick yeast magnolia tree
autotroph
Part A: In this reaction _____. a) entropy has decreased b) the products have been rearranged to form reactants c) the products have less potential energy than the reactants d) CD is a product e) AC is a reactant
b) the products have been rearranged to form reactants **
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? a. glucose b. ATP c. water d. oxygen
b. ATP
The chemical ingredients needed for photosynthesis are _____ and _____. The chemical ingredients needed for photosynthesis are _____ and _____. carbon dioxide ... water carbon dioxide ... sunlight oxygen gas ... water water ... glucose
carbon dioxide ... sunlight
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? cytosol endoplasmic reticulum nucleus mitochondria
cytosol
The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. exergonic chemical endergonic spontaneous hydrolysis
endergonic
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? exergonic ATP --> ADP + P catabolic hydrolysis endergonic
endergonic
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. exergonic chemical anabolic kinetic endergonic
exergonic
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. ADP + P --> ATP glucose + glucose --> maltose anabolic synthesis exergonic
exergonic
The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction. exergonic endergonic dehydration synthesis exchange anabolic
exergonic
Select the INCORRECT association. exergonic ... spontaneous exergonic ... uphill potential energy ... positional energy kinetic energy ... motion enzyme ... protein
exergonic ... uphill
What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid? What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid? glycolysis aerobic metabolism aerobic respiration fermentation
fermentation
Most of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs __________. Most of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs __________. during the citric acid cycle from activity of the ATP synthase machine during glycolysis from the reduction of glucose
from activity of the ATP synthase machine
Which of the following is oxidized during cellular respiration? Which of the following is oxidized during cellular respiration? glucose water hydrogen ATP
glucose
_____ is used as food and _____ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration. _____ is used as food and _____ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration. water ... ATP glucose ... carbon dioxide oxygen ... glucose carbon dioxide ... water
glucose ... carbon dioxide
Glycolysis occurs in almost all organisms on Earth. From this we might conclude that___________. glycolysis is the most efficient energy-producing process in living cells glycolysis evolved very early in ancestors that are common to all the domains of life. glycolysis evolved because plants produce glucose glycolysis first evolved in the presence of oxygen
glycolysis evolved very early in ancestors that are common to all the domains of life.
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. Where is the rest of the energy that the cell can obtain from the glucose molecule? A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. Where is the rest of the energy that the cell can obtain from the glucose molecule? lost as heat in the oxygen used in the electron transport chain in FAD and NAD+ in NADH and FADH2
in NADH and FADH2
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____. Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____. in the cytoplasm directly on the surface of the mitochondrial membrane within the mitochondrial membrane within the cell nucleus
in the cytoplasm
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. ATP synthase ATP NADH and FADH2 kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient substrate-level phosphorylation
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradien
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP lactate and NAD+ pyruvate carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP lactate and NADH
lactate and NAD+
The main function of cellular respiration is __________. The main function of cellular respiration is __________. making food breaking down toxic molecules making ATP to power cell activities producing cell structures from chemical building blocks
making ATP to power cell activities
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? lysosome nucleus Golgi apparatus mitochondrion chloroplast
mitochondrion
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____. CO2 oxygen FADH2 water NADH
oxygen
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____. Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____. photosynthesis glycolysis electron transport the Citric Acid cycle
photosynthesis
Because plants can do photosynthesis, they are called _____. Because plants can do photosynthesis, they are called _____. consumers producers decomposers heterotrophs
producers
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation cellular respiration photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____. Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____. glycolysis ... the Citric Acid cycle the Citric Acid cycle ... glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport electron transport ... glycolysis
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria? Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria? glycolysis the electron transport chain the Citric Acid cycle the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain All of the above.
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells? The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells? the plasma membrane the rough endoplasmic reticulum the inner membrane of the mitochondria the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is energy coupling? the use of an enzyme to reduce EA the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P a barrier to the initiation of a reaction
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule. NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule. three ... two two ... three one ... one zero ... zero
three ... two
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____. In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____. synthesize ATP directly. transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP. transport electrons out of the mitochondria, resulting in ATP production. move phosphate groups into the mitochondria. When they reach a high enough concentration, they spontaneously join with ADP to form ATP.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis? What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis? two net ATP molecules four net ATP molecules two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules carbon dioxide one glucose molecule
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
An important end product of cellular respiration is _____. An important end product of cellular respiration is _____. water pyruvic acid glucose hydrogen gas
water
The electrons removed from glucose in cellular respiration end up in _____. The electrons removed from glucose in cellular respiration end up in _____. heat glucose water ATP
water
