Chapter 6
Fats and cholesterol are ________, a class of nutrients
lipids
Salmon, flounder, walnuts, and canola oil are food sources of
omega-3 fatty acids
Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in______ fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol.
polyunsaturated
Homocysteine is a
possible marker for cardiovascular disease
Is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is
Cholesterol
lipids or fats include
Cholesterol
What is the "backbone" of a triglyceride?
glycerol
Tanya has ____________, which makes her at high risk for cardiovascular disease
high oxidized LDL cholesterol
A fatty acid is comprised of a _________ chain, which is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon
Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in
monounsaturated fat
A(n) ______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.
saturated
fatty acids can be
saturated or unsaturated
Jose would like to reduce his saturated fat intake and increase his polyunsaturated and monousaturated fat intake. Which habit should Jose adopt?
spread mashed avocado on toast instead of butter
clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
thrombus
The four major classes of lipoproteins are
1. Very low density lipoproteins 2. Low density lipoproteins 3. High density lipoproteins 4. Chylomicrons
Drinker classification with the number of drinks on the right
- Abstainer --> less than 12 drinks/year - Light --> 1 to 13 drinks/month - Moderate --> 4 to 14 drinks/week - Heavy--> 3 or more drinks/day
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
- Alpha-linolenic acid - Linoleic acid
Most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US includes
- Coronary artery disease - Stroke
Compared to butter, solid margarine has
- More unsaturated fat - More trans fat - Less cholesterol
What can contribute to unwanted weight gain
- Physical inactivity - Excess calorie consumption
Lipoproteins carry different amounts of
- Proteins - Cholesterol - Phospholipids
Lipids are a class of macronutrients that include
- phospholipids - triglycerides - fatty acids - cholesterol
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.
Omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
Cis fatty acid
Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. - Causes the carbon chain to bend
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as______.
14-24 carbons
You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides________ kcal from fat
45
what is the difference in calories between a gram of fat and a gram of carbohydrates?
5 kcal
Trans Fatty Acids are
A by-product of the hydrogenation process
Which enzyme digests triglycerides by removing fatty acids from each triglycerides molecule?
Pancreatic lipase
Which condition is a sign of FAS?
Thin upper lip
are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.
Statin
When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal______
- Delays alcohol absorption from the stomach - Slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood
What are the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease.
- Drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels. - Avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels. - Eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels.
Dietary change with its outcome as a way to lower risk for cardiovascular
- Each rich sources of fiber---> Reduces LDL cholesterol - Avoid sucrose and fructose---> decreases triglyceride levels - Drink small amounts of alcohol---> raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
Functions of cholecystokinin
- Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile - Breaks fatty acids into micelles - Signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
A person with slow breathing, pale skin, and who cannot be aroused might be suffering from
Alcohol poisoning
What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?
An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)
Alcohol works as a________, suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone
Diuretic
______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.
Essential; Nonessential
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for _____ is 20% to 35% of total calories
Fat
A fatty acid is comprised of a _________ chain, which is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbon
Trans fatty acid
Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond - Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain.
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
Lipoprotein lipase
What is filled with hydrogen atoms
Saturated fatty acid
Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids. T/F?
T
Registered dietitian nutritionists often promote the _____ for reducing blood lipids and CVD.
Traditional Mediterranean diet
Lipoproteins
Transport lipids in the bloodstream
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Range - AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake______.
between 20 and 35% of total calories
A saturated fatty acid has
No double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
A saturated fatty acid is completely filled with
hydrogen atoms
consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Saturated fatty acids
The primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the
Small intestine