Chapter 6

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

-event-specific knowledge -life time periods -general events

Short term memory can retain about ________ pieces of complex information.

5 to 9

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of __________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Episodic

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _____________ memory parentheses which is one of explicit memory's subtypes , is a persons recollections of his or her life experiences

Episodic

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in ________ ___________ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory

Eyewitness testimony

Which of the following is a task that would be handled by the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Imagining how your living room would look with the furniture in different places.

Which of the following are important strategies for successful test taking, which means retrieving information?

- use retrieval cues to trigger your insights -make sure your brain is well rested and well nourished -look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded.

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?

-Phonological loop -Visuospatial working memory -central executive

Which of the following processes are related to working memory?

-Problem solving -information comprehension -decision making

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress related hormones. Which of the following brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?

-The amygdala -The hippocampus

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting?

-a person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful -someone forgets an event that is consequence of an emotional trauma

Which two of the following are recognition tasks?

-a student takes a multiple choice test -a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. This memory disorder can:

-be anterograde or retrograde -can affect memories differentially -can affect the retention of new memories

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select the following that describes a special case where special memory retrieval is utilized

-emotional memories -dramatic character of memories

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select the following that describes a special case where special memory retrieval is utilized.

-emotional memories -traumatic character of memories

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M's _________ memory was impaired, but his ___________ memory was less affected.

-explicit -implicit

The two main components of long-term memory, __________ memory consists of our semantic and episodic then memories, and ____________ memory consist of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

-explicit -implicit

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?

-it allows us to learn from our experiences -it provides us with identity -sharing personal experience creates social bonds

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

-it is a limited-capacity memory system -it can store information longer than sensory memory

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?

-it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory -it consists of three parts -it is a mental blackboard

Which of the following is true of explicit memory?

-it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory -it has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis:

-memory for pictures than memory for words -the image code produces better memory

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully?

-pay attention to the information -make associations that connect the information to own life -use imagery. Make mental pictures of the of the information

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an exampel of ____________ memory. She also has to remember that she needs get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of __________ memory.

-retrospective -prospective

_________________ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas __________ memory involves remembering to do something in the future.

-retrospective -prospective

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in:

-retrospective memory -prospective memory -explicit memory

Select all the following that are considered tips of rehearsing learn material.

-retype your notes -talk to people about what you have learned -Test yourself after looking at the notes

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes

-review notes that you are preparing to memorize -experiment with different organizational techniques -organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize

Which of the following are true in respond to memory in the aging process?

-staying intellectually active me reduced to severity Alzheimer's -staying physically active aids and memory -staying mentally active aids in memory

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events?

-they may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events -stress related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma -they may be subject to deterioration and distortion

Taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of _________ - based prospective memory task, where as remembering to buy muffins at the bakery on the way home from work is an example of _________ -based prospective memory task

-time -event

______ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

Anterograde

Uncle Ken will be 88 this year yet he seems very sharp, is involved in volunteer work, it sends a book club weekly and plays bridge. He has been intellectually active his entire life both in his career as physician and after retirement. This is an illustration of the ____________.

Cognitive store

The _______ _________ effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

Serial position

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ________-____________ memory

Short-term

When using memory retrieval information that an individual is searching for comes out of __________.

Storage

There are _____ levels of autobiographical memory.

Three

Why do some researchers believe that "recovered memories" should instead be called "discovered memories?"

because at least some recovered memories could be false memories

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the ____________

central executive

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information

Explicit memory is the ________- recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

deepest level

The process by which information get into memory storage is _________

encoding

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic, or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _________ memory.

flashbulb

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is ___________ memory.

long-term

Craig has returned from the war in Iraq, badly physically injured. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of:

motivated forgetting

When considering the effects of serial position, the _________ effects refers to better recall for items at the beginning

primacy

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ________ memory.

prospective

There are two aspects of the serial position effect. Better recall for items at the beginning is referred to as the _________ effect and better recall for items at the end is referred to as _____________

recency

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a "little girl," Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the _____________ _________.

reminiscence bump

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _________ memory.

repressed

The memory process involves encoding, storage and ________

retrieval

__________ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

retrograde

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as __________.

semantic

The process of retaining information for future use is called:

storage

The process of retaining information over time is referred to as a _____________.

storage

Information must be encoded and ________ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

the concept of long-term potentiation

Which lobes of the brain are especially implicated in explicit memory, such as prospective and retrospective memories?

the frontal lobes

Memory is defined as

the retention of information or experience over time

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ______ systems in memory

three

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaving a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to __________ events.

traumatic

True or False: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and the central executive.

true

True or False: When Suzanne mentally "sings" the lyrics to her new favorite song silently in her head, she is using the phonological loop of working memory.

true