Chapter 6

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

substrate-level phosphorylation

adding a phosphate group using an enzyme

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

Which statement describes glycolysis?

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.

identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.

Inputs: 1 Glucose (fuel) + 6 O2 Oxygen (gas we inhale) Outputs:6 CO2 (gas we exhale) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP (energy packets that cells use to do work)

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Light --> Glucose --> ATP --> Heat

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is ____

photosynthesis

How food fuels cellular respiration

1. eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body 2. after food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system 3. fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 4. ATP is produced with the help of the ETC

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

10. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolosis, a total of 10 NADH are produced -- 2 are produced in glycolysis, 2 are produced in acetyl CoA production, and 6 are produced in the citric acid cycle.

How many ATP molecules are needed as an investment at the beginning of glycolysis?

2

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2 NADH

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2. It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.

How many important "tools" are arranged in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

4

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

Chemiosis

ATP production using the energy of hydrogen ions (H+) across gradients in membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis.

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP. Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? ATP pyruvate NADH + H+ FADH2

FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

citric acid cycle

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.

Glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose, enzymes

Which one of the following is considered the evolutionarily oldest mechanism to generate ATP?

glycolysis

sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

lactate and NAD+

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrionAll of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation This process utilizes energy released by electron transport.

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is

oxygen

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Which parts of cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria?

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Phosporylation

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule.

three, two

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

transport protons into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules