Chapter 6 BE

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level (A) define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society. (B) see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals. (C) are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments. (D) are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments. (E) are unethical.

A) define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences? (A) Deontology (B) The relativist perspective (C) Teleology (D) Egoism (E) Utilitarianism

(A) Deontology

_____ have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives. (A) Relativists (B) Hedonists (C) Pragmatists (D) Deontologists (E) Teleologists

(A) Relativists

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually? (A) Rule utilitarianism (B) Act utilitarianism (C) Rule deontology (D) Act deontology (E) Egoism

(A) Rule utilitarianism

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result? (A) Teleology (B) Deontology (C) The relativist perspective (D) Ethical formalism (E) Hedonism

(A) Teleology

What is one of the problems of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory? (A) The original theory was transferred from children to adults. (B) It can only apply to those with an deontological perspective. (C) It assumes that very few adults ever reach Stage 6. (D) The theory has little reliability or validity. (E) All of the moral philosophies are regarded as equal to one another.

(A) The original theory was transferred from children to adults.

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives? (A) The relativist perspective (B) Teleology (C) Deontology (D) Egoism (E) Rule deontology

(A) The relativist perspective

Teleological philosophies are often referred to as consequentialism. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

The concept of moral philosophies are inexact. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (Stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (Stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in (A) considering fairness to others. (B) maintaining the social order. (C) considering duty to society. (D) upholding the basic values of society. (E) maintaining obedience to authority.

(A) considering fairness to others.

A central problem with relativism is (A) that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities. (B) that few people believe that these principles are important. (C) that it is very complicated. (D) that it represents unattainable goals. (E) that many feel that it only works in theory.

(A) that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities.

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy? (A) Teleology (B) Deontology (C) The relativist perspective (D) Egoism (E) Utilitarianism

(B) Deontology

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons? (A) The relativist perspective (B) Deontology (C) Egoism (D) Teleology (E) Utilitarianism

(B) Deontology

Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

The moral philosophy of idealism is a branch of the economic value orientation that views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development? (A) Universal ethical principles (6th stage) (B) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage) (C) Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage) (D) Punishment and obedience (1st stage) (E) Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)

(B) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good. (A) Hedonists (B) Pluralists (C) Relativists (D) Deontologists (E) Teleologists

(B) Pluralists

_____ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results. (A) Disruptive (B) Procedural (C) Interactional (D) Communications (E) Evaluative

(B) Procedural

_____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate. (A) Act utilitarianism (B) Virtue ethics (C) Reciprocity (D) Hedonism (E) Rule deontology

(B) Virtue ethics

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she (A) is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior. (B) may change his/her values and ethical behavior. (C) will likely be promoted. (D) will depend more on the input of significant others in ethical decision making. (E) will experience less opportunity to behave unethically.

(B) may change his/her values and ethical behavior.

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n) (A) utilitarian. (B) relativist. (C) teleologist. (D) deontologist. (E) egoist.

(B) relativist.

_____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship. (A) Procedural (B) Interactional (C) Distributive (D) Ethical (E) Egotistical

(C) Distributive

_____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones. (A) Rights (B) Virtue ethics (C) Justice (D) Relativism (E) Egoism

(C) Justice

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups? (A) Virtue ethics (B) Egoism (C) The relativist perspective (D) Absolutism (E) Justice

(C) The relativist perspective

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals. (A) egoist (B) utilitarian (C) deontologist (D) relativist (E) hedonist

(C) deontologist

Moral philosophy refers to (A) values developed in an organizational environment. (B) the morality of business activities. (C) the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong. (D) the legality of business activities. (E) the principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation.

(C) the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong.

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) ________ because she is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people. (A) egoist. (B) deontologist. (C) utilitarian. (D) relativist. (E) humanitarian.

(C) utilitarian.

Which of the following describes the categorical imperative? (A) "Pursue pleasure in this lifetime as the ultimate good." (B) "Thou should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people." (C) "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." (D) "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.gol (E) "When in Rome, do as the Romans do."

(D) "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.gol

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process? (A) Rule utilitarianism (B) Act utilitarianism (C) Rule deontology (D) Act deontology (E) The relativist perspective

(D) Act deontology

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men. (A) John Maynard Keynes (B) Immanuel Kant (C) Aristotle (D) Adam Smith (E) Lawrence Kohlberg

(D) Adam Smith

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development? (A) Punishment and obedience (1st stage) (B) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage) (C) Social system and conscience maintenance (4th stage) (D) Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage) (E) Universal ethical principles (6th stage)

(D) Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development? (A) Punishment and obedience (B) Individual instrumental purpose and exchange (C) Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (D) Social system and conscience maintenance (E) Prior rights, social contract, or utility

(D) Social system and conscience maintenance

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)? (A) Act deontology (B) Rule deontology (C) Egoism (D) Utilitarianism (E) Hedonism

(D) Utilitarianism

While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoint? (A) Egoism (B) Relativism (C) Humanitarianism (D) Utilitarianism (E) Individualism

(D) Utilitarianism

Enlightened egoism (A) is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others. (B) centers completely on the short-term well-being of others. (C) centers on one's short-term self-interest. (D) centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account. (E) centers on the long-term well-being of others.

(D) centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account.

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified. (A) Pragmatism; hedonism (B) Deontology; pragmatism (C) Utilitarianism; deontology (D) Utilitarianism; a goodness theory (E) A goodness theory; an obligation theory

(E) A goodness theory; an obligation theory

Why might an individual's moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision? (A) Individuals tend to act more unethically in large work groups than alone. (B) Businesses train individuals to adopt different moral philosophies at work. (C) Personal temptations are rarely a problem in the business environment. (D) Ethics is not held to be a high concern among managers in the workplace. (E) Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

(E) Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

_____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives. (A) Organizational factors; business ethics (B) Codes of conduct; individual factors (C) Individual factors; codes of conduct (D) Business ethics; moral philosophies (E) Moral philosophies; business ethics

(E) Moral philosophies; business ethics

Which is not considered a white collar crime? (A) Corporate tax evasion (B) Credit card fraud (C) Insider trading (D) Identity theft (E) Mugging someone

(E) Mugging someone

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles based on logic and respect for individual rights? (A) The relativist perspective (B) Act utilitarianism (C) Rule utilitarianism (D) Act deontology (E) Rule deontology

(E) Rule deontology

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development? (A) Individual instrumental purpose and exchange (B) Need achievement (C) Social system and conscience maintenance (D) Punishment and obedience (E) Universal ethical principles

(E) Universal ethical principles

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness. (A) egoism (B) utilitarianism (C) deontology (D) moral philosophy (E) virtue

(E) virtue