chapter 6 bio
Humans use about ________ of their daily calories for involuntary life-sustaining activities such as digestion, circulation, and breathing. A) 10% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 90%
D) 75%
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose A) becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. B) is used to manufacture glucose. C) is released all at once. D) is carried by electrons. E) can be used to oxidize NADH.
D) is carried by electrons.
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is A) an oxygen atom. B) a molecule of carbon dioxide. C) a molecule of water. D) ADP. E) ATP.
A) an oxygen atom.
As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs. A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4 E) 36
C) 2
Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) conversion of FAD to FADH2 B) production of CO2 C) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds D) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) conversion of NADH to NAD+
C) conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds
The term anaerobic means A) without bacteria. B) without ATP. C) without CO2. D) with O2. E) without O2.
E) without O2.
Humans use the calories they obtain from ________ as their source of energy. A) food B) water C) sunlight D) minerals E) carbon dioxide
A) food
Which of the following statements about the energy yields from cellular respiration is true? A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline. B) Cellular respiration converts all of the energy in glucose into high-energy ATP bonds. C) Cellular respiration converts the kinetic energy of glucose into chemical energy. D) The heat produced during cellular respiration is only a tiny fraction of the chemical energy available in a glucose molecule. E) Most energy conversion systems are more efficient than cellular respiration.
A) Cellular respiration is more efficient at harnessing energy from glucose than car engines are at harnessing energy from gasoline.
Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. B) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. C) Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. D) Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. E) Neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis occurs in either mitochondria or chloroplasts.
A) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs. B) a canoe going over a waterfall. C) a person climbing a flight of stairs one step at a time. D) a person leaping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump. E) playing Ping-Pong.
A) a Slinky toy going down a flight of stairs.
The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom. B) a recycling company, collecting paper and using it to manufacture new products. C) a hamster in its exercise wheel, running quickly but not getting anywhere. D) a kid jumping up and down on a trampoline. E) throwing a baited hook into a lake and catching a fish.
A) a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.
Pyruvate A) forms at the end of glycolysis. B) is the molecule that starts the citric acid cycle. C) is the end product of oxidative phosphorylation. D) is the end product of chemiosmosis. E) is a six-carbon molecule.
A) forms at the end of glycolysis.
Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order? A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation B) glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the citric acid cycle C) the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis D) oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis
A) glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is A) lost in the form of heat. B) created in the form of heat. C) used to create light. D) destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made. E) saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2 and O2.
A) lost in the form of heat.
A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) alcoholic fermentation C) the citric acid cycle D) glycolysis E) biosynthesis
A) oxidative phosphorylation
The end products of glycolysis include A) FADH2. B) NADH. C) acetyl CoA. D) citric acid. E) O2.
B) NADH
Which of the following statements about the inner mitochondrial membrane is false? A) ATP synthase is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate. C) Electron carriers are associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. D) The inner mitochondrial membrane is involved in chemiosmosis. E) A gradient of H+ exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) The inner mitochondrial membrane plays a role in the production of pyruvate.
By-products of cellular respiration include A) oxygen and heat. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) carbon dioxide and ATP. D) FADH2 and NADH. E) NADH and ATP.
B) carbon dioxide and water.
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in A) NADH. B) citrate. C) FADH2. D) oxaloacetic acid. E) CoA.
B) citrate.
Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that A) cyanide is highly toxic to human cells, while dinitrophenol is nontoxic. B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler. C) cyanide makes the membrane of mitochondria leaky to H+ ions and prevents a concentration gradient from building up, while dinitrophenol blocks the passage of electrons through electron carriers. D) cyanide inhibits the production of ATP by inhibiting ATP synthase, while dinitrophenol causes mitochondrial membranes to become less permeable to H+ ions. E) cyanide increases the rate of H+ crossing to the intermembrane beyond the capacity to synthesize ATP, while dinitrophenol blocks the transfer electrons from NADH.
B) cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol is a reaction uncoupler.
In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is A) glucose. B) dehydrogenase. C) oxygen. D) water. E) ATP.
B) dehydrogenase.
Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? A) oxygen and carbon dioxide B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide C) oxygen and glucose D) oxygen and energy to make ATP E) glucose and carbon dioxide
B) energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________. A) produces ATP . . . is gas exchange B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP C) produces glucose . . . produces oxygen D) uses glucose . . . produces glucose E) produces glucose . . . is gas exchange
B) is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. A) gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons C) loss of oxygen . . . gain of oxygen D) gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen E) gain of protons . . . loss of protons
B) loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons
The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except A) CO2. B) pyruvate. C) ATP. D) NADH. E) FADH2.
B) pyruvate.
Which of the following statements regarding muscle fibers is false? A) All human muscles contain fast and slow muscle fibers. B) The proportion of fast and slow fibers is genetically determined. C) Training usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another. D) The percentage of each fiber type varies from person to person. E) Fast fibers are better able to produce ATP anaerobically.
C) Training usually converts one type of muscle fiber into another.
During redox reactions, A) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction. B) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized. C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance. D) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule. E) the reduction of a substance does not need to be coupled to the oxidation of another substance.
C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance.
Pyruvate is considered a(n) ________ aerobic cellular respiration. A) source of O2 for B) end product of C) intermediate in D) cofactor in E) enzyme in
C) intermediate in
A kilocalorie is defined as A) the quantity of glucose needed to increase the body temperature by 1°C. B) the quantity of water heat needed to solubilize 1 g of glucose. C) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. D) the quantity of food used to maintain normal bodily functions. E) the quantity of food consumed during a given type of exercise.
C) the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because A) they will no longer be able to perform anaerobic respiration. B) high levels of fermentation products will build up in their bodies. C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP. D) they will no longer be able to absorb water and will become dehydrated. E) they will no longer be able to perform chemiosmosis.
C) they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.
The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing 200 calories per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving? A) 20 B) 2,000 C) 20,000 D) 200,000 E) 2,000,000
D) 200,000
The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is A) C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. B) 5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy. C) C6H12O12 + 3 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. E) C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2.
D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? A) the citric acid cycle B) oxidative phosphorylation C) chemiosmosis D) glycolysis E) electron transport chain
D) glycolysis
Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? A) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. B) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. C) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. D) The pyruvate molecules are oxidized and two NAD+ are reduced. E) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.
E) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.
Which of the following statements regarding fast-twitch muscles is false? A) Fast-twitch muscles are thicker than slow-twitch muscles. B) Fast-twitch muscles have fewer mitochondria than slow-twitch muscles. C) Fast-twitch muscles have less myoglobin than slow-twitch muscles. D) Fast-twitch muscles are better at generating short bursts of power than slow-twitch muscles. E) Fast-twitch muscles produce more ATP per glucose than slow-twitch muscles.
E) Fast-twitch muscles produce more ATP per glucose than slow-twitch muscles.
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place? A) glycolysis B) the citric acid cycle C) "grooming" of pyruvate D) oxidative phosphorylation E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8
A) 2
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? A) They produce ATP. B) They produce glucose. C) They store it in molecules of carbon dioxide. D) The energy is coupled to oxygen. E) They store it as thermal energy.
A) They produce ATP.
Between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, A) pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH. B) a carbon atom is added to make a four-carbon compound. C) coenzyme A is cleaved off the four-carbon compound. D) coenzyme A is removed from pyruvate. E) a CO2 molecule is added to pyruvate.
A) pyruvate is oxidized while a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
During chemiosmosis, A) energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase. C) energy is generated by coupling exergonic reactions with other exergonic reactions. D) a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. E) H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor.
B) ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase.
Which of the following statements regarding cellular respiration is false? A) Cellular respiration consumes glucose. B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step. C) Cellular respiration produces water. D) Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. E) Cellular respiration releases heat.
B) Cellular respiration is a single chemical reaction with just one step.
A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. As the bacteria metabolize the glucose, radioactivity will appear first in A) carbon dioxide. B) NADH. C) glucose-6-phosphate. D) pyruvate. E) ATP
C) glucose-6-phosphate.
The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that A) permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. B) helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. D) carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix. E) allows other ions (like Na+) to build up when H+ ions are not available.
C) increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in A) CO2. B) pyruvate. C) ATP. D) NADH. E) FADH2.
D) NADH.
During cellular respiration, NADH A) is converted to NAD+ by an enzyme called dehydrogenase. B) is chemically converted into ATP. C) is reduced to form NAD+ D) delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule. E) is the final electron acceptor.
D) delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? A) Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy. B) Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules. C) Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. D) Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule may yield 32—34 ATP molecules. E) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle.
E) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle.
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true? A) The electrons move from carriers that have more affinity for them to carriers that have less affinity for them. B) Molecular oxygen is eventually oxidized by the electrons to form water. C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one carrier to another. D) The carrier molecules are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. E) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.
E) Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.
If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completing electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest A) on the outer membrane. B) on the inner membrane. C) in the cytoplasm. D) in the mitochondrial matrix. E) in the intermembrane space.
E) in the intermembrane space.
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the A) intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. B) outer mitochondrial membrane. C) mitochondrial matrix. D) inner mitochondrial membrane. E) matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
E) matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit A) the citric acid cycle. B) oxidative phosphorylation. C) glycolysis. D) the formation of alcohol. E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
