Chapter 6- Bones and Bone Structure

45) ________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone. A) Collagen B) Hydroxyapatite C) Lamella D) Osteocyte E) Osteoid

E) Osteoid

57) ________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi. A) Lamellar B) Osteonic C) Woven D) Compact E) Spongy

E) Spongy

86) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

E) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

20) A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) line B) ramus C) fissure D) process E) foramen

E) foramen

94) Which of the following is true for parathyroid hormone? A) stimulates osteoblast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. C) increase the rate of calcium excretion. D) lowers the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

22) The narrow region between the head and diaphysis of a long bone is called the A) canal. B) sulcus. C) trochlea. D) ramus. E) neck.

E) neck.

72) Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteoblasts. B) osteocytes. C) osteoid. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteoclasts.

E) osteoclasts.

42) The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteocytes.

E) osteocytes.

17) A projection at an angle on a bone is termed a A) trochlea. B) canal. C) condyle. D) crest. E) ramus.

E) ramus.

1) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) temperature regulation

E) temperature regulation

106) A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) compression B) comminuted C) articulated D) spiral E) transverse

E) transverse

141) Identify the functions of the skeleton.

Give our body's shape, support the body, body movement and stability, protection, blood cell production

138) What is the difference between ossification and calcification?

Ossification is bone formation. Calcification is the hardening of tissue into a bonelike structure

142) Define bone markings.

Projections that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments; projections that help form joints; depressions and openings for passage of nerves and blood vessels

140) Would you expect to see changes in blood levels of the hormones calcitonin and PTH as a result of vitamin D3 deficiency? Explain.

You need vitamin D to help absorb calcium for food. Too much or too little blood calcium can result in a variety of medical problems, including cardiac arrhythmia. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone help you to maintain normal calcium levels.

143) List the different terms used to describe projections.

crest, epicondyle, process, spine, condyle

139) During the growth of a long bone, how is the epiphysis forced farther from the shaft?

osteoblasts moving toward epiphysis which is being pushed ahead by epiphyseal plates

149) What physical signs would be expected in a person whose blood calcium was abnormally low?

Altered moment and irregular heart rate

6) The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

B) short

62) Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 look at study guide

E) 5

65) Where would osteoclasts be most active? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 look at study guide

E) 5

51) The interconnecting struts and plates found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

B) trabeculae.

10) The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the A) ramus. B) trochanter. C) tuberosity. D) tubercle. E) condyle.

B) trochanter.

38) Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

C) 2

21) The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 114 B) 167 C) 206 D) 276 E) 311

C) 206

59) In compact bone, the osteons are A) arranged in concentric lamellae. B) lined up perpendicular to the long axis. C) arranged in an irregular pattern. D) separated by medullary spaces. E) lacking in the diaphysis.

A) arranged in concentric lamellae.

97) Which is greater? A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased

A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased

80) Where does endochondral lengthening occur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 look at study guide

C) 3

95) Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone A) calcitonin. B) thyroid hormone. C) parathyroid hormone. D) growth hormone. E) testosterone.

A) calcitonin.

111) A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments. A) comminuted B) compression C) greenstick D) transverse E) displaced

A) comminuted

63) What are the structures labeled "4"? A) concentric lamellae B) perforating canals C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum look at study guide

A) concentric lamellae

23) A prominent ridge, as seen on the pelvis, is a A) crest. B) fossa. C) line. D) spine. E) ramus.

A) crest.

70) The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epimysium. D) perimysium. E) perichondrium.

A) endosteum.

84) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrow cavity E) trabeculae look at study guide

A) epiphysis

13) A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.

A) fossa.

37) ________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

E) Calcium phosphate

30) The opening in the diaphysis through which blood vessels provide oxygen to osteons is named the ________ foramen. A) metaphyseal B) medullary C) epiphyseal D) nutrient E) articular

D) nutrient

83) Identify the structure at "4." A) intramembranous bone B) spongy bone C) hyaline cartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme look at study guide

D) periosteum

15) A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tuberosity B) fossa C) trochanter D) trochlea E) meatus

D) trochlea

77) When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

A) grow longer.

14) The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

A) long

28) Fat is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

A) medullary cavity.

47) Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in A) osteogenesis. B) bone resorption. C) releasing hydrochloric acid. D) derived from macrophages. E) releasing hydroxyapatite.

A) osteogenesis.

67) Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) concentric lamellae. C) osteons. D) lamellae. E) trabeculae.

A) perforating canals.

52) The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) trabeculae C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

A) spongy

2) Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilages

A) tendons

16) A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tuberosity. B) ramus. C) condyle. D) diaphysis. E) process.

A) tuberosity.

150) Describe the kidney and intestinal responses to PTH.

- PTH stimulates increase in production of hormone calcitriol by kidneys - Additional calcitriol stimulates calcium reabsorption by kidneys - PTH and calcitriol enhance absorption of calcium ions by intestines

148) Describe Marfan syndrome.

-A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, most commonly in the heart, blood vessels, lungs, eyes, and skeleton. -Autosomal dominant genetic mutation for the coding of the protein fibrillin, a key component of connective tissue. -Affected people are usually tall and thin with disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. -Aortic aneurysm -Cold hands

79) The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts. 2. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epithyses forming the secondary ossification centers. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Remodeling continues and the shaft becomes thicker. 5. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region forming the primary ossification center. What is the correct order for these events? A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

109) A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture. A) Colles B) Pott's C) simple D) greenstick E) transverse

A) Colles

89) Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue genes. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) None of the answers is correct.

A) It results in short, stubby fingers.

147) How could x-rays of the femur be used to determine whether a person has reached full height?

At puberty, the combination of rising levels of sex hormones, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones stimulates bone growth dramatically. Osteoblasts now begin producing bone faster than chondrocytes are producing new epiphyseal cartilage. As a result, the osteoblasts "catch up" and the epiphyseal cartilage gets narrower and narrower until it ultimately disappears. The timing of this even can be monitored by comparing the width of the epiphyseal cartilages in successive x-rays.

105) Put the following steps of fracture repair into the correct order. 1. Extensive bleeding occurs. 2. An internal callus forms from a network of spongy bone. 3. Hematoma is formed to close off blood flow. 4. Remodeling continues by osteoblasts and osteoclasts leaving little evidence of the break. 5. Osteoblasts replace the central cartilage of the callus. A) 3,2,1,5,4 B) 1,3,2,5,4 C) 1,2,3,4,5 D) 3,1,2,5,4 E) 1,3,2,4,5

B) 1,3,2,5,4

29) ________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) Yellow bone marrow B) Articular cartilage C) Red bone marrow D) Spongy bone E) The medullary cavity

B) Articular cartilage

100) ________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. A) Open or compound B) Closed or simple C) Compression D) Recurrent E) Comminuted

B) Closed or simple

48) ________ are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Lamellae B) Collagen fibers C) Mesenchymal cells D) Hydroxyapatite cells E) Lacunae

B) Collagen fibers

4) Which of the following is not true of the skeletal system? A) It interacts with the muscular system to provide movement. B) It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels. C) It interacts with the nervous system by providing protection to the spinal cord. D) It interacts with the cardiovascular system by providing blood cells. E) It interacts with the digestive system by absorbing more calcium when needed.

B) It interacts with the lymphatic system to regulate calcium levels.

101) A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. A) compression B) Pott's C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles

B) Pott's

60) The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

B) are organized along stress lines.

78) When estrogen is increased in females at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.

B) become narrower.

69) During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) bone is replaced by cartilage. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.

B) bones grow wider.

74) Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoblasts model.

B) cartilage model.

104) An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin. A) simple B) compound

B) compound

26) The shaft of a long bone is called the A) epiphysis. B) diaphysis. C) epiphyseal plate. D) metaphysis. E) lamella.

B) diaphysis.

73) What structure allows a bone to grow in length? A) lacunae B) epiphyseal cartilages C) periosteal bud D) metaphysis E) trabeculae

B) epiphyseal cartilages

99) After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the A) epiphyseal plate. B) external callus. C) dense tuberosity. D) condyle. E) fracture facet.

B) external callus.

11) A rounded hole through a bone is termed a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet.

B) foramen.

103) Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a A) sprain. B) fracture. C) hematoma. D) callus. E) displacement.

B) fracture.

46) In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) calcium carbonate. B) hydroxyapatite. C) calcium apatite. D) carbonite. E) osteocyte.

B) hydroxyapatite.

36) The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a A) Volkmann's canal. B) lacuna. C) trabecula. D) Haversian canal. E) Venetian canal.

B) lacuna.

71) During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) osteolysis B) ossification C) appositional growth D) deposition E) perforation

B) ossification

96) Which is greater? A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

39) The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

B) osteocytes.

41) The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

B) protein-crystal

82) What process is shown at "6"? A) primary ossification B) secondary ossification C) length growth D) width growth E) fracture repair look at study guide

B) secondary ossification

8) Bones that develop within tendons are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) Wormian E) tendon

B) sesamoid

88) The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4

C) 4, 2, 1, 3

58) ________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

C) Spongy

43) How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be less compressible.

C) The bone would be more brittle.

91) Excessive growth hormone after puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) acromegaly. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism.

C) acromegaly.

34) Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

C) bony matrix is dissolved.

66) Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite. Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients? A) by osmosis from neighboring osteocytes. B) by diffusion from neighboring osteoblasts cells traveling through lamellae. C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi. D) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through perforating canals. E) by diffusion directly from nutrients stored in the periosteum.

C) by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi.

40) The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

C) canaliculi.

110) The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture. A) transverse B) spiral C) compression D) compound E) Pott's

C) compression

27) The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone? A) metaphysis B) diaphysis C) epiphysis D) nutrient foramen E) medullary cavity

C) epiphysis

7) A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

C) flat

19) The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a A) facet. B) diaphysis. C) head. D) tubercle. E) condyle.

C) head.

31) Which of the following best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) produce blood cells

C) mature bone cell

87) Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteoprogenitor C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

C) mesenchymal

32) Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) chondrocytes.

C) osteoblasts.

53) The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) lacunae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

C) osteons.

55) In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.

C) parallel.

64) The structures labeled "3" are the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) recycling of compact bone D) recycling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis look at study guide

C) recycling of compact bone

18) A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) meatus. B) fissure. C) sinus. D) sulcus. E) facet.

C) sinus.

108) A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone. A) comminuted B) displaced C) spiral D) nondisplaced E) transverse

C) spiral

9) Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

C) sutural

75) Secondary ossification centers occur in A) the diaphysis. B) the periosteum. C) the epiphyses. D) the metaphyses. E) dermal bones.

C) the epiphyses.

5) Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

C) vertebra

56) The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

D) 10 to 15

61) Which structure is termed a central canal? A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8 look at study guide

D) 7

54) Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone? A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteocytes. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients. D) It is the site of hematopoiesis. E) It contains osteons.

D) It is the site of hematopoiesis.

49) ________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels. A) Osteoblasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteogenic cells D) Osteoclasts

D) Osteoclasts

44) ________ cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts, are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteoblast

D) Osteogenic

33) ________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Squamous osteons

D) Osteogenic cells

98) The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is A) released. B) excreted. C) conserved. D) absorbed quickly. E) absorbed slowly.

D) absorbed quickly.

85) When testosterone is increased in males at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly E) are hardly affected.

D) accelerate rapidly

50) The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

D) blood vessels.

3) The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) phosphorus. D) calcium. E) hydrogen.

D) calcium.

92) Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of A) potassium. B) iron. C) sulfate. D) calcium. E) sodium.

D) calcium.

35) Which of the following is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

D) chondroitin sulfate

68) In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone? A) osteons B) perforating fibers C) osteoclastic crypts D) circumferential lamellae E) None of the answers is correct.

D) circumferential lamellae

12) The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) spine. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

93) The hormone calcitonin A) stimulates osteoclast activity. B) decreases the rate of calcium excretion. C) decreases the rate of calcium absorption. D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood. E) stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts.

D) decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood.

90) Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in A) osteoporosis. B) osteopenia. C) rickets. D) gigantism. E) dwarfism

D) gigantism.

107) In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) compression B) comminuted C) Pott's D) greenstick E) Colles

D) greenstick

102) While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis

D) hematoma

81) What type of tissue occurs at "1"? A) elastic tissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyaline cartilage E) marrow tissue look at study guide

D) hyaline cartilage

76) When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

D) long bones have reached their adult length.

24) The medullary cavity of bones contains A) compact bone. B) osteons. C) cartilage. D) marrow. E) periosteum.

D) marrow.

25) The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

D) metaphysis.

146) Distinguish between the periosteum and the endosteum.

he main difference between periosteum and endosteum is that the periosteum covers the outer surface of bones whereas endosteum covers the inner surface of bones. Furthermore, periosteum occurs in all bones except at the joints of long bones while endosteum occurs in all bones. Moreover, periosteum consists of two layers while endosteum is a thin layer. Periosteum and endosteum are two connective tissue membranes which cover the lining of bones. Both of them contain cells including osteoblasts and fibroblasts.

145) Compare compact bone and spongy bone.

spongy bones in terms of area can be found at the head part of long bones. It also fills up the bones of an irregular type. Compact bones, on the other hand, can be found at the outer layer of the bone. It also forms the outer layer plus the shaft of the long type of bones. Compact bones are made up of osteons. Osteons are also called Haversian systems. These osteons make the structure of compact bones. These rod-like units form the outer layer of the compact bones at the long bone.These osteons also contain Haversian canals. These canals contain and carry blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and branches of the nerves. Spongy bones are made up trabeculae. These trabeculae look like thin threads. These are not as heavy as the osteons of the compact bones. The formation of trabeculae always depends on which of these bones were mechanically tensioned Compact bones are heavy, extremely tough, and are formed or stacked in layers. Since it forms the superficial layer of the bones, it account for more than 75-80 per cent of the weight of the entire skeletal system of a human. Spongy bones, on the other hand, are lighter than compact bones. They fill the inner layer of most bones such as the vertebrae. The main function of it is to save materials, provide movement, give protection to important body organs, and most of all to give support to the entire structure of the body.