Chapter 6: Building the Old World Web: Persia, Greece, and the Hellenistic World, 600 BCE to 200 CE

This map shows the impressive military campaign Alexander the Great commanded between 334 and 324 BCE. Drag each description to the location where the event took place. 1.city founded by Alexander across the sea from his hometown 2.area where Alexander the Great was raised 3.place where Alexander died

1. Memphis Egypt 2.North of Sparta 3. Babylon

Which of the following statements describe the Greek political culture?

1. Some poleis founded colonies along the shore to enhance maritime trade. 2. The poleis were often at war with one another. 3. The Greeks used a form of self-government rare for the time.

Place the following events describing the history of the Achaemenids and Alexander the Great in chronological order.

1. The Achaemenid dynasty incorprates most of greek territory 2. Phillip is murdered 3.Darius III is murdered 4. Alexander claims succession to the Achaemendid throne

During the fifth century BCE, Athenians developed a political system based on equal rights for all citizens, eventually called demokratia. Which of these statements describe this system?

1.An assembly of citizens passed legislation. 2.Territory was divided into political units, and each area supplied members for the ruling council.

The beginning of Greek culture traces back to Crete and Mycenae. Match each description below to the culture it represents.

1.Artwork discovered here reveals women may have enjoyed unusually high status in society. 2.It used a non-Indo-European writing system using hieroglyphs that remains undeciphered.

Which of the following statements describe the Silk Road?

1.Chinese silk was the most valuable good traded along this route. 2.It connected China to Egypt.

This is a map of the Hellenistic States, the Mauryan Empire, and the rise of the Parthian Empire, ca. 311-30 BCE. Which of the following statements describe the coexistence of these societies?

1.The majority of Hellenistic cities were founded along rivers or coasts. 2.Trade routes connected cities such as Tyre and Antioch in the Mediterranean region to China and India.

Which of the following developments facilitated the commercial growth promoted by the Parthians and Seleucids?

1.transportation improvements 2.adoption of a Greek commercial system 3.expanded use of coined money

At the height of their empire, the Achaemenids ruled over 20 to 30 million people from Egypt to India. What percentage of the total world population did the Achaemenid leaders govern?

20-30 percent

The dynasty arose from the Persian people. By the first century BCE they had proven to be the wealthiest and most powerful state of the time as they ruled over the richest regions of the world. This was a vast and difficult territory to govern. To win acceptance as rightful kings over newly conquered territory, Persian kings incorporated local religions and ruled through .

Achaemenid. Mesopotamis and Egypt. Local Elites

Which king conquered almost all of the Greek world and brought the Achaemenid dynasty to an end?

Alexander the Great

The city of Alexandria was founded by in 331 BCE. This Egyptian city attracted a class coming mainly from Greece. The city played a fundamental role in advancing commercial links between the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. Like any other society rooted in principles, the city became a center of the arts and sciences.

Alexander the great. merchant. Hellenistic.

Based on the map, which of the following statements about Alexander's empire is correct?

Alexander united an area that extended from Greece to India

Place the following events that took place during the Peloponnesian War in chronological order.

Athens forms a maritime empire in the Aegean Sea Sparta attacks and destroys the Athenian navy. Athens temporarily recovers self-government. Athens is invaded and attacked by Macedonians.

Historians often refer to the multicultural Achaemenid dynasty as the first superpower in world history. Which distant regions did the empire connect?

Egypt to India

Achaemenids worshiped a god named Ahura Mazda. All other deities were prohibited, and conversion ceremonies became a symbol of prestige

False

Aristotle supported Alexander the Great's claim of divine status.

False

In the fifth and sixth centuries, a Persian empire became the world's first superpower and took the name Babylonia.

False

The Greek alphabet is the earliest example of alphabetic writing and the most important intellectual achievement of this civilization, as it made literacy easier.

False

Which of the following statements explain the relevance of Greek society to world history?

Greek ideals such as rationalism and democracy remained important and influential for centuries to come. Although belonging to a small population compared to other civilizations, Greek culture spread to Persian territory and was influential in its own time.

Spartan women differentiated themselves from Greek women in a number of ways. Still, as in other societies, women's status determined their social roles. Match each of the following characteristics to the appropriate role played by women in Sparta. Note that some characteristics may apply to both or none.

Helots - 1. bore Spartan sons 2. responsible for the disagreeable aspects of rearing children married Spartan women - 1. Underwent physical training 2. could own property 3. bore Spartan sons

Match each of the following successor kingdoms to Alexander's empire to the region it occupied.

Macedon and Greece - the Antigonids Mesopotamian and Persian heartland - the Seleucids Egypt - the Ptolemies

Many qualities allowed the Achaemenid dynasty to become the first superpower in world history. Conquered groups their traditions, language, and religion, which—combined with the territorial organization by —kept revolts to a minimum. By unifying the whole territory politically and commercially, specialization and exchange thrived, and the expansion of the irrigation network by qanats allowed new crops such as rice and to be efficiently used.

Maintained. satrapies. alfalfa.

Examine the map. Select the area that represents the original kingdom of Macedon.

Pella

These sources illustrate connections among the peoples of Persia, Greece, and the rest of the Hellenistic world. Consider the context and content of each source. Identify the claims that are supported by the sources.

People in these regions adopted the customs, technologies, and weapons of those they conquered. Successful empires could be multicultural and multiethnic.

In Histories, Herodotus recorded historical events like wars and revolts, but he also included commentary and observations about other cultures. He shows a clear bias toward Greek culture. In Source 2, which of Herodotus's claims reveal this bias?

Persians performed sacrifices without any special ceremony. Persians seek the luxuries and technologies of other peoples because their own output is inferior. Persians do not bury their men until the bodies have been torn by birds or dogs.

Son of the successful Macedonian king Alexander was raised to rule. He was tutored by in the arts and sciences, and he gained military training in horsemanship and hand-to-hand battle. He commanded his first military campaign at age 16. By 338 BCE, Alexander, alongside his father, had formed a small empire assimilating a large part of He became king in 336 BCE when his father was murdered.

Phillip. Aristotle. Greece

The ancient Greek worldview that explained all events as resulting from the will of the gods was slowly modified by different intellectuals who introduced a more rational approach to human affairs. Match the names of these different philosophers to their teachings and beliefs.

Plato - discredited democracy and believed only educated, self-disciplined, and virtuous people should rule Homer - wrote the Iliad, in which wars between Greeks and Trojans were manipulated by rival gods Socrates - believed that existence itself and its daily problems could be explained by reasoned arguments Aristotle - argued that regular citizens, not just the elite, were worthy of political rights, excluding women and uneducated men

In the relief, the winged god Ahura Mazda presides over Darius's quashing of the satrap revolt. The scene is an example of religion supporting It implies that kings have the power to others with the approval of the

Politics. conquer. gods.

To maintain the vast Achaemenid Empire, Darius managed to consolidate his power through different techniques of communications, bureaucracy, and armed forces. Match each of his developments to its description.

Qanats - irrigation tunnels that ran underground and provided water to distant farms Heavy Calvary - an innovation that allowed Persians to move weaponry and armor Persepolis- a ceremonial city with monumental constructions created to showcase the strong imperial status of the Achaemenid Empire Canals and road systems - economically integrated areas from the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean across Central Asia and India

To the ancient Greeks, was the most important aspect of their culture. Greek society was polytheist; they believed that a family of gods lived on and interfered in humans' lives. Gods expected a certain conduct from people, which included respect for the elders, hospitality to strangers, and regular worship involving sacrifices to win a certain god's goodwill. These deities were many times they behaved harmfully or unethically.

Religion. Mount Olympus. animal. flawed.

Examine the map. In which two Greek city-states did major battles of the Persian Wars take place?

Salamis and Marathon

After Alexander's death, his empire was split into three separate kingdoms. Based on the map, which component of Alexander's former domain bordered with the Mauryan Empire in the east?

Seleucids

Darius presided over a multiethnic but hierarchical army with Persians at the top. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Darius's elite unit numbered exactly 10,000. What was the name of this unit?

The Immortals

Based on the map, which of the following statements is correct?

The Ptolemaic kingdom was centered in Egypt

Select the statements that describe Greek cultural and intellectual life.

The Stoics were a group of thinkers who recommended rational contemplation in the search for happiness. For a time, thinkers could argue, debate, and interact without fear of censorship.

Read the following excerpt that describes the Persian lifestyle, written by the Greek historian Herodotus in Histories. Select the evidence of Persian multiculturalism in this source. 131. The customs which I know the Persians to observe are the following. They have no images of the gods, no temples nor altars, and consider the use of them as folly. This comes, I think, from their not believing the gods to have the same nature with men, as the Greeks imagine. ... 132. To these gods the Persians offer sacrifice in the following manner: they raise no altar, light no fire, pour no libations; there is no sound of the flute, no putting on of chaplets, no consecrated barley-cake; but the man who wishes to sacrifice brings his victim to a spot of ground which is pure from pollution, and there calls upon the name of the god to whom he intends to offer. ... 135. There is no nation which so readily adopts foreign customs as the Persians. Thus, they have taken the dress of the Medes, considering superior to their own; and in war they wear the Egyptian breastplate. As soon as they hear of any luxury, they instantly make it their own. ... 140. Thus much I can declare of the Persians with entire certainty,

There is no nation which so readily adopts foreign customs as the Persians. Thus, they have taken the dress of the Medes, considering superior to their own; and in war they wear the Egyptian breastplate.

Which of these statements describe the Achaemenid Empire?

To project power over great distances, the empire used a system based on post stations and mounted couriers. Religion was used as a political ideology. The territory was divided, and each governor had to provide an amount of gold or silver periodically.

Desiring to give equal opportunities to rich and poor when equipping themselves for war, Athens created navies in which the poorest classes could enroll to earn their citizenship.

True

Frequently referred to as "city states," some Greek poleis had magistrates who governed for a set period and were said to be selected by "all citizens." In reality, only 10 to 20 percent of the population enjoyed political rights.

True

The Parthians continued with the legacies started by the Achaemenids and Alexander the Great as they strove to promote trade links that connected Mesopotamia to India, and India to China.

True

The Achaemenid dynasty united the oases of and extended from the River in the west to the River in the east.

central asia. nile. indus

Match each city of the Old World Web to its correct description.

city created by the Seleucids to Hellenize their kingdom - Antioch founded by Alexander as a Mediterranean seaport, it attracted the merchant class - Alexandria constructed under King Darius II, it was a ceremonial city - Persepolis became the first experiment of self-government - Athens

The remarkable intellectual output of ancient Greek society influenced religious traditions and was rediscovered in the developing ideas of and rationalism many centuries later. The entire Greek population represented only of the population in the Persian Achaemenid Empire, but their consolidation as a maritime empire and their market culture (which included loans, banks, coinage, and contracts) spread from the Nile to in a commercial web, giving their numerous contributions a privileged place in world history.

democracy. 20 percent. the ganges

In cultures where most citizens were illiterate, rulers often conveyed their propaganda through public art and architecture. Source 1 was one such work of art. What messaging goals did Darius intend to achieve with Source 1?

displaying Darius's military skill controlling what Darius's subjects believed communicating with people who spoke different languages

From 311 BCE the Seleucids aimed to Hellenize their kingdom by installing Greek traditions, ways, and customs. Which of the following formed part of this initiative?

foundation of new cities introduction of new forms of coinage and statuary

Sparta was a Greek polis run by an oligarchy, privileged families, and led by kings; it was not This was a militaristic society that held the territory of all Greek city-states and relied on their army's fierce reputation. They believed that real men practiced self-control and that the greatest honor was glory in Conquered people became a sort of slavery wherein they had to provide a share of their production or work.

self-governed. largest. warfare. helots.

Indian elephants were unpredictable and expensive, but the Seleucids found them valuable in battle because their size and ferocity created terror on battlefields. Identify the elements in Source 3 that are evidence of this claim.

the figure holding a shield under the elephant the size of the elephant in relation to the rider long, curved tusks

Following Alexander's death, his successors expanded commercial and cultural links from the Mediterranean to China. Which of the following features were maintained by the Seleucids and the Parthians alike?

use of heavy cavalry and religion to maintain control over territory continued long-distance trade connections