Chapter 6

Dolley Madison

Dolley Madison was born in North Caroline in 1768. She was raised in Virginia and then Philadelphia. While still in Philadelphia, she met her first husband, who died young; later, also in Philadelphia, she met her second husband, James Madison. When Madison served as President Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state, the couple moved to Washington, DC. Mrs. Madison acted as a hostess at official White House events, since president Jefferson was a widower.

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Sacagawea

Sacagawea, born in approximately 1788, was an interpreter on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. She was a Lemhi Shoshone Native American who was born near the border of Idaho and Montana. As a child she was captured by the Hidatsa Native Americans and taken to Mandan-Hidatsa villages near Bismark, North Dakota. Sometimes before 1804 she became a wife of Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trader

Adams-Onis Treaty

The Adams-Onís Treaty was a treaty signed by the United States and Spain in 1819. The treaty was also called the Transcontinental Treaty. John Quincy Adams, the U.S. secretary of state, signed this treaty with the Spanish foreign minister Don Luis de Onís. The treaty resolved several territorial issues between the two nations.

Convention of 1818

The Convention of 1818 was a meeting between John Quincy Adams, who was the U.S. secretary of state, and British foreign ministers to resolve territorial disagreements. At this meeting the two nations made several agreements. First, they agreed that the border between Canada and the United States would be established at 49 degrees north latitude, from the Lake of the Woods in current-day Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains. Second, they agreed that they would jointly own the Oregon Territory, which had previously been a source of conflict. Joint ownership of the territory lasted until 1846, when both nations agreed that the far western border between Canada and the United States would continue on at 49 degrees north latitude. Finally, at the Convention of 1818, Great Britain also agreed to give the United States some fishing rights near the coast of Newfoundland

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

..., The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark were the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. From 1804 to 1806. they led a group of 33 soldiers and others through the Louisiana Territory. The United States had just purchased this territory, and president Jefferson wanted it to be explored. He also wanted to establish relations with the native Americans in the region and search for a possible Northwest Passage, a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

American System

American System was the phrase that Henry Clay used to describe the U.S. government's efforts in the early 1800s to support the economy. The goal of this plan was to improve three different parts of the economy: agriculture, commerce, and industry.

Francis Scott Key

Francis Scott Key, born in 1779, was an American Lawyer. HE is most famous for writing "The Star Spangled Banner" after watching a battle during the War of 1812

War hawk

Hawks are birds of prey that hunt other animals, so the term hawks, or war hawks, is often used to describe people who support war or military action. Doves, animals that are not predators, are a traditional symbol of peace, so the term doves is often used to describe people who oppose war or military action

Henry Clay

Henry Clay, born in 1777, served in Congress for more than 30 years, ran for president twice, and was known as the Great Compromiser. Clay was a lawyer in Kentucky and began his career in politics as a member of Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. While in the House of Representatives, he pushed for the United States to enter the War of 1812

Impressment

Impressment was the practice of forcing unwilling men to join military or naval service. In the early 1800s, it was common for British naval officers to board American ships and impress sailors to join the British navy.

Second Bank of the United States

In 1823, Nicholas Biddle established the Second Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Like the nation's first national bank, the purpose of Biddle's bank was to serve as a repository for the federal government's money and to help control inflation. As the bank's president, Biddle wielded a great deal of political influence, which irritated Andrew Jackson, who was the U.S. president at the time. Jackson was further angered by the bank's unwillingness to fund expansion into the Western Territories. The resulting disputes between Jackson, Biddle, and the Congress were known as the "Bank War."

Gibbons v. Ogden

In the 1824 case of Gibbons v. Ogden, The U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling that upheld the power of the federal government to regulate trade among the states. The case concerned steamboat travel between the states of New York and New Jersey.

states' rights doctrine

In the United States, the states' rights doctrine is the theory that the powers of the federal government. This idea is based on the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. That amendments states that all powers that the Constitution does not grant specifically to the federal government are reserved for the states.

James Madison

James Madison, the fourth U.S. President, was born in Virginia in 1751. He helped write Virginia's constitution and was chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1780. Madison was very knowledgeable about government and politics and believed that the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first plan for government, was too weak.

James Monroe

James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1758. Monroe fought in the American Revolution, and after the war he served in Congress as a member of Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. Later, he was a minister to France and to Great Britain. He also later became U.S. secretary of state and secretary of war

James Monroe

James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1758. Monroe fought in the American Revolution, and after the war he served in Congress as a member of Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. Later, he was a minister to France and to Great Britain. he also later became U.S. secretary of state and secretary of war.

John Jay

John Jay was the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court and a political leader during the time of the nation's founding. Born in New York City, Jay initially feared independence for the colonies but later became a supporter of the Patriot cause. He was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses and helped write New York's state constitution. He was chosen as the president of the Continental Congress in 1778

John Quincy Adams

John Quiry ADams, son of President John Adams, was born in 1767 and later became the sixth president of the United States. Adams was raised in a political household. His mother, Abigail Adams, was very interested in the Revolution and other political events. He became a lawyer and held several diplomatic posts in Europe. He began his career as a federalist like his father but later became a member of the Republican

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch v. Maryland was an 1819 U.S. Supreme Court case involving the Second Bank of the United States. The previous year, the state of Maryland had placed a tax on the bank, but James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the bank, had refused to pay it. The state of Maryland took McCulloch to court, and, in this case, the Supreme Court ruled that creation of a national bank was constitutional but that the tax on the bank was not.

Meriwether Lewis

Meriwether Lewis, born in 1774, was one of the leaders of an expedition that explored the Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. Lewis was raised in Virginia. He joined the army in 1795. He rose through the ranks of the army until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson asked Lewis to be his personal secretary.

Corps of Discovery

The Corps of Discovery was the official name for what is commonly known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The Corps was supposed to explore the Missouri River, explore the newly purchased Louisiana Territory, and search for the rumored Northwest Passage a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Along the way, they were to make contract with the Native Americans they met. The Corps of Discovery set off on May 14, 1804, for St. Louis, Missouri.

Erie Canal

The Erie Canal, completed in 1825 after eight years of construction, played a pivotal role in westward expansion and the economic growth of New York State. The canal stretches for 363 miles, linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. To move boats through the many different elevations along the canal's path, engineers designed 83 stone locks. Eighteen aqueducts were constructed to enable the canal to cross bodies of water.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were statements written and passed by those states legislatures in 1798 and 1799. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote them, although that fact was unknown by many people at the time. Both men were members of the Democratic-Republican Party

Louisiana Territory

The Louisiana Territory was a wide strip of land west of the Mississippi River. It stretched from the mouth of the Mississippi north to what is today the southern Canadian border. The territory had been settled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and was under the control of France.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a policy that was first stated by President James Madison in a message to Congress in 1823. In that speech Monroe said that the United States would not allow any European countries to establish colonies or use force in North or South America. He wanted European countries to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. He said that in exchange the United States would stay out of any conflicts between European powers and would recognize existing European colonies

National Road

The National Road represents the beginning of what would eventually become the U.S. interstate highway system, which President Dwight Eisenhower established in the 1950s. In 1806, Congress appropriated funds to build a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. The first 10 miles were constructed by 1811. This was the beginning of the National Road. By 1840, the National Road, known then as "The Main Street of America" and today as Route 40, had been extended all the way to Vandalia, Illinois.

Non-Intercourse Act

The Non-Intercourse Act was a law passed by Congress in March 1809. At this time Great Britain and France were at war with each other. Each was seizing American ships that were sailing to the opposing nation to trade. In response Congress had passed an Embargo Act in 1807, banning all foreign trade. The Embargo Act was unsuccessful, so Congress replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act. The new law permitted U.S. trade with all nations except Great Britain and France. The United States hoped these laws would make the French and the British stop interfering with American shipping. Instead they hurt American merchants, shipbuilders, and farmers who were not able to sell their goods abroad. Because the Non-Intercourse Act did not improve conditions, Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it in 1810. That law reopened trade with France and Britain but said that if either nation seized American ships, the United States would stop trading with it. The conflict over Great Britain's interference with U.S. shipping became one of the causes of the War of 1812.

Oregon Country

The Oregon Country refers to the Pacific Northwest territory that was jointly controlled by the United States and Great Britain from 1818 to 1846. Before 1818, explorers from several nations traveled to this region, and fur traders from both the United States and Great Britain established trading posts there. As part of a larger agreement, known as the Convention of 1818, these two nations agreed to occupy the Oregon Country jointly for 10 years.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

The Rush-Bagot Agreement was an understanding spelled out in an exchange of letters in 1817 between U.S. Acting Secretary of State Richard Rush and British Minister Charles Bagot. In these letters, the United States and Great Britain agreed to a major reduction in the number of naval vessels patrolling the Great Lakes. Each country would be allowed just one ship on Lake Ontario and one ship on Lake Champlain. Two ships per country would be allowed on Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior. Both nations also agreed to a weight limit of 100 tons and one 18-pound cannon per ship.

Treaty of Ghent

The Treaty of Ghent—signed in the neutral city of Ghent, East Flanders, in Belgium—was the agreement that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. Neither party had won. Indeed, the treaty's terms restored the relationship that had existed between the two countries before the war. The treaty did not resolve or even mention the impressment issue, which was a major cause of the war. One of the major effects of the treaty, however, was that it stated that arbitration commissions, or groups of people who resolve disputes, would settle boundary concerns between the United States and British-ruled Canada

Louisiana Purchase

The United States didn't always exist in the form we know today. Prior to 19803, much of the western portion of the country was owned by France. That all changes in 1803, with the Louisiana Purchase. President Thomas Jefferson bought 828,00 square miles of land from France for 15 million dollars, opening up broad expanses of new territory. This historic purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, allowing for westward expansion, and is considered the greatest bargain ever for US land. Shortly after the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark ti explore this new territory. With the growth of the nation came other growing pains. Most notable were conflicts between settlers and Native Americans.

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a war between the United States and Great Britain that began in 1812 and ended in 1815. Britain had been at war with France since the 1790s, and British and American ships were interfering with each other. Some British sailors left the British Navy to work on American ships, so British officers sometimes stopped American ships looking for deserters. The British sometimes captured American sailors and forced them to serve in the British Navy, a practice called impressment.

James Madison

The fourth U.S. President, was born in Virginia in 1751. He helped write Virginia's constitution and was chosen as a delegate ti the Continental Congress in 1780. Madison was very knowledgeable about government and politics and believed that the Article of Confederation, the nation's first plan for government, was too weak.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson, born in 1743, was the main author of the Declaration of Independence and contributed in many other ways to the early government of the United States. He was raised on a plantation in Virginia, was extremely well educated, and became a lawyer in 1767. As a member of Virginia's House of Burgess's, Jefferson opposed British tax policies and believed the American colonies should become independent from Great Bratain

William Clark

William Clark, born in 1770, was one of the leaders of the expedition that explored that Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. Clark was raised in Virginia and Kentucky. He joined the army in 1789 but left it in 1796 to return to Kentucky

Nationalism

is loyalty and devotion to a nation, a feeling that the nation and its people are one and that the interests of the nation are more important that those of individuals or groups. The first expressions of nationalism can be found in the late 1700s particularly in the American and French revolutions