CHAPTER 6
The definition of motivation to comply is the amount of perceived control that you have over your health outcome.
False
Health Educators
Group of professionals that close the gap between what is known as optiomal health practices and what is actually done.
The ________________ is one of the first theoretical approaches to studying why we behave the way we do.
Health Belief Model
________ attempt(s) to close the gap between what is known about optimal health practices and what is actually done
Health education
One of the most important priorities of the Healthy People 2020 Program is to
Increase access to health services
The __________ will be used to measure the health of people in the U.S. between the years 2010 and 2020
Leading Health Indicators
Action
Once people are actually changing thier behavior, they are in the __________action stage.
Neuroticism
Personality plays a big role in health. For example people high in the trait of__________ report more medical problems and more visits to the doctor.
Psychological factors that influence health behaviors
Personality trates self esteem social support
Leading Health Indicators
Physical activity, limiting consumption of alcohol, not smoking, and eating well.
maintenance Stage
Relapsing, or failing back into performing unhealthy behaviors is the biggest problem in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model?
Sam is conducting a health behavior intervention with 7 year olds concerning the dangers of huffing. What must he do to ensure that his intervention is ethical?
Sam must consider what will happen after the intervention is completed will the behaviors go back to how they were before?
If a researcher wants to utilize a health behavior change theory that posits that health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism in that characteristics of a person one's environment and the behavior itself all interact to determine whether a behavior is formed the researcher would use this theory:
Social Cognitive Theory
Interventions
Specific programs designed to assess levels of: Behaviors introduce ways to change them measure whether change has occured assess the impact of change.
Three major theories that predict the extent to which we perform health behaviors?
The Health Belief Model (HBM)\ Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
What happens if an intervention takes a "shot gun" approach?
The outcomes are more effective because the of the care taken to intervene at the appropriate level with the population most at risk.
health education
The specific field that stresses the relevance of political, economic and social factors in health is______________
The Health Belief Model?
Theory suggests that our beliefs relating to the effectiveness, ease and consequences of performing or not performing a behavior will influence whether or not we do or do not do it.
Operant conditioning
To change a behavior, the very first thing a person should do is spend a week or so and use ____________________.
Which of the following major theories of behavior change proposes six stages?
Transtheoretical Model
Health care behaviors are determined by biological, social and psychological behaviors.
True
Kyle is working on maintaining a healthy weight set for him of 155 lbs. Since he is actively exercising and watching his eating habits, Kyle is in the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model.
True
Researcher consistently shows that teenagers and college students misperceive and overestimate their peers' use of tobacco.
True
Social norming research has shown that people often believe that those engaging.in healthy behavior are in the minority when, in fact, they are not.
True
Some models of health behavior change are automatically culturally sensitive, but most theories are designed to apply to any cultural group. In order for an intervention to be culturally sensitive, one of the things psychologists should pay close attention to is the symbols and language used in the intervention.
True
The American public had a say and provided input in developing the Health People 2020 program.
True
Theoretically informed health behavior change programs are more effective than those based on anecdotal evidence, but without a theoretical basis..
True
Biology, personality, societal and identifying the critical factors
What factors play an important role in our health behaviors?
Contemplation
When people recognize they may be doing something, unhealthy, and intend to change (within the next month),, they are said to be in the __________ stage. (TTM)
THeory of Planned behavior
Which
Scientific theories
______________guide our search to understand why behaviors are difficult to change and to predict successful change.
preparation
______________is the stage in which the person is ready to take action to change the behavior. (TTM)
Maintenance
__________is the stage in which people try to not fall back into performing thier unhealthy behaviors, or relapse.
Schwarzer's (1992) Health Action Process Approach has been found to be applicable to:
a wide variety of health behaviors including exercise breast self-exams seat belt use dieting and dental flossing.
Fisher, et. al.(2007) reviewed culturally sensitive interventions aimed at narrowing racial disparities in health care. The conclusion of this research team is that:
a. (A) interventions that explicitly use culturally sensitive interventions show tremendous promise in reducing health disparities. ** b.more research needs to be completed to see if culturally sensitive interventions narrow racial disparities as the data is inconclusive. c. culturally sensitive interventions actually increase racial disparity. d. cultural specific interventions work for Latinos and African Americans, but not for other ethnic groups.
Rotheram-Borus and colleagues (2003) designed a successful intervention call Street Smart for runaway children. Street Smart provided these children with access to health care and condoms and delivered a 10-session skill-focused prevention program based on social learning theory. This intervention had a better success rate when:
a. (A) more sessions were conducted.** b. when older children were instructed on the used of condoms. c. boys and girls were addressed in separate interventions. d. the information provided to the children was exaggerated to ensure they would follow the instructions.
The main components/ideas for Precaution Adoption Process Model is:
a. (a) person moves from being unaware of an issue to unengaged by the issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to acting, to maintenance. ** b. two main phases which includes: factors influencing intention to act. c. intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action; self-efficacy. d. health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism.
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. If one member of a relationship practices healthy behaviors, the other will be more likely to practice healthy behavior as well. b. (a) Fear appeals are no longer used today as a method of behavior change.** c. More intense interventions are more likely to result in greater risk reduction. d. The more the intervention is tailored to fit individuals at risk, the more likely it will work.
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Peers exert a stronger influence on White and Latinos than among African Americans b. The Theory of Planned Behavior has been used in many settings around the world. c. The relative contribution of the key components especially the subjective norm factor differs across ethnic groups in the U.S. (A) d. The Theory of Planned Behavior was no longer used in published research after the 1950s**
The Health Belief Model explains health behavior by
a. individuals will perform healthy behaviors in they believe they are susceptible to the health issue b. Individuals will perform healthy behaviors is they believe that their behavior will be beneficial c. in reducing the severity of the health issue. individuals will perform healthy behaviors is the benefits outweigh its costs. d. (A) All of the above are correct.**
The main components/ideas for the Health Belief Model is:
a. intention to change; attitudes toward action; subjective norms regarding action. b. person moves from being unaware of issue, to unengaged by issue, to deciding not to act, to planning to act but not yet acting, to maintenance. c. (a) beliefs in threat and effectiveness o health change behaviors.** d. six stages that a person must complete.
Healthy behaviors can be defined as behaviors that:
a. make you feel good. b. maintain and enhance health.** c. make you look more attractive. d. decrease stress.
Social norming research has shown that college students often believe that those engaging in healthy behavior are:
a. the majority. b. are going to change their behavior after they graduate from college. c. (a) in the minority when, in fact, they are not.** d. actually not being honest if they are engaging in healthy behavior or not.
What factors can predict relapse?
a. the new behavior is not being maintained. b. the person is demoralized from not being able to change, and the behavior can actually be worse then before the intervention. c. participants do not have the cognitive and behavioral skills to maintain the behavior change. d. (a) All of the above. **
Once health professionals design a smoking intervention that works on one campus:
a. the same intervention should work well on another campus in the same state b. the same intervention should work well on the high school in the same town. c. the intervention will work exactly the same way with another group of students from the same campus. d. (a) the intervention may not necessarily work in exactly the same way anywhere else **.
Although interventions are designed to change behavior and enhance health, sometimes this does not happen. In a classic example of this issue, Mann et al, 1997 evaluated an eating disorder program and found that:
a. the students in the control group actually did better than those in the experimental group b. friends of students in the study got worse c. (A) students in the experimental group got worse instead of better** d. roommates of students in the experimental group did worse than the experimental students
Interventions should be appropriate for the risk group/risk factor. Some ideas to consider while considering the appropriateness of interventions for the group is:
a. what type of language/vocabulary does the intended audience use?' b. what type of images would your audience relate to when viewing the intervention? c. if you are targeting a specific group based on their sexual orientation ethnic group or their age consider what appeals to that target group. d. (A) all of the above **
One of the personality traits most often associated with more healthy behaviors is
conscientiousness
Vernice's doctor has informed her that she is severely overweight and that she should change her eating habits. Vernice fully intends to comply and intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so. According to the Transtheoretical Model Vernice is in the"
contemplation stage
As a testament to the biological basis for some unhealthy behaviors research has found evidence for a gene related to alcoholism. It is known as
dopamine D2
All theories of health behavior change have at least six stages.
false
The field of _______________ existed before Health Psychology was a field of study in its own right. It stresses the relevance of political economic and social factors in health
health education
The ultimate goal of health psychological interventions is to decrease the number of deaths due to preventable diseases delay the time of death and:
improve the quality of life
The theory of planned behavior focuses on a person's.
intentions
The biggest benefit to using a theory to base an intervention on is:
it will be easier to identify what worked if it succeeds.
Healthy behaviors can be defined as behaviors that
maintain and enhance health
Relapsing or falling back into performing unhealthy behaviors is the biggest problem in the Transtheoretical Model stage of:
maintenance
According to the theory of planned behavior it is not enough to just know a person's perceptions of what the social norms are to predict if they will change their health behavior. You must also assess their:
motivation to comply
Personality plays a big role in people high in the trait of ________report more medical problems and more visit to the doctor
neuroticism
What a participant thinks others think about a health behavior is called:
normative beliefs.
According to the health belief model individuals will follow a positive health behavior if the behavior:
outweighs its "costs"
What aspect of the Health Belief Model is particularly useful in explaining cultural differences in health behaviors?
perceived barriers
The Big 5 personality traits are good indicators of a person's likelihood to practice certain health behaviors. Girls who are higher in neuroticism introversion and disagreeableness
perform more risky behaviors.
Jared is a fried fast food addict. He knows that behavior is not very healthy but he does not intend to change. He is in the Transtheoretical model stage of:
precontemplation
The best stage to use an anti-smoking message intervention is the:
preparation stage
In the 1950's the most common advertisements to change behavior tried to:
scare the viewer to change.
A critical aspect of the Health Belief Model was added after its initial conceptualization. This new component captures a person's belief regarding his or her ability to successfully perform the behavior. It is know as:
self efficacy
If you believe that you can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome you are demonstrating:
self-efficacy
What three unhealthy behaviors account for 71% of 1 million preventable deaths per year?
smoking, unhealthy diet, and lack of physical activity
Which of the following is NOT a major component of the Health Belief Model? Belief in
social norms
A major part of a person's belief in the effectiveness of changing a behavior is:
the balance of barriers to costs
Prevention programs for eating disorders attempt to simultaneously prevent new occurrences, and encourage students who already have symptoms to seek early treatment. This type of intervention uses both primary and secondary prevention, and can be at risk of having incompatible goals.
true
When a health psychologist designs an intervention she should keep in mind that:
unhealthy behaviors can return once the intervention/treatment has stopped.
In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the causes of health behaviors it is best to
use the biopsychosocial approach
The Transtherorectical Model (TTM) was developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories and notes that:
we process through different stages as we think about attempt to and finally change any specific behavior.
attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills.
what are the biggest barriers to behavior change?
People in this stage of the Transtheoretical avoid reading thinking or talking about their unhealthy behaviors:
, precontemplation
Beliefs in threat.
According to the Health Beliefs Model, health behaviors are strongly linked to__________.
Define Health Behaviors
Are specific behaviors that maintain and enhance health.
transtheoretical model
As we think about changing our health behaviors, we progress through different stages. The best health psychological model to get at this is the ________.