Chapter 6

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?

friendliness with peers cheerfulness and self-control self-reliance and achievement orientation

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?

multiple

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

neglectful

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?

self-conscious

What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

self-conscious

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master

anxieties and conflicts.

Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.

10 percent

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.

25 to 50 percent

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

Authoritarian

What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?

Authoritative

Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?

verbal give-and-take

______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.

Constructive

play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

Constructive

Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?

Dialogue between parent and child

True or false: To be classified as child maltreatment, harm to the child from physical abuse must be intentional.

False

Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.

Freud and Erikson's

______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.

Gender

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Pride Shame Embarrassment Guilt

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males.

Children raised by____parents generally feel that other aspects of their parents' lives are more important than they are and tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

Neglectful

A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as

Play

Sensorimotor___defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

Play

______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Practice

At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?

Preschool

A gender____is a set of expectations that prescribes how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender.

Roles

Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?

anxiety academic problems drug issues depression

Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?

They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.

Ruth Chao suggests that the control Asian American parents exert over their children is best conceptualized as a type of

Training

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

As compared to nonimmigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families

assume higher levels of responsibility.

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritarian

With few exceptions, ______ parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures.

authoritative

Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?

children who are not socially mature children who do not have an easy temperament children who are not responsible

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

contrasting

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

doing nothing

In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?

emotional abuse

Gender____is a person's inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender.

identity

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

indulgent

Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by

infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

intervening and helping resolve admonishing or threatening doing nothing

After a divorce, each of the following is more likely to be experienced by mothers than fathers EXCEPT

loss of child custody.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are classified as part of the ______ because they represent broader societal contexts.

macrosystem

What type of child maltreatment is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child?

physical abuse

If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous.

reduced

Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.

sexual attraction to

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

social hierarchy division of labor

Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?

social incompetence inability to handle independence low self-esteem immaturity

What are the three proposed social theories of gender?

social role theory social cognitive theory psychoanalytic theory