Chapter 6 - Gov
The Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918) were largely stimulated by fears of
Germans and Radicals
The Supreme court first found a "right to privacy" in the ____ case
Griswold
Cleaves in public opinion are more common in the united states than in many other countries because the united states
has a socially heterogeneous population
Looking over the Supreme Court's affirmative action cases, one sees that the Court
has allowed affirmative action programs in about half of the cases that it has decided
The text says that one notable distinction between two democracies, the United States and Japan, is in regard to
immigration policy
Evidence of the growing political strength of southern blacks over the past two decades is the fact that in 2001
more than 9,000 blacks held elective office
An individual's choice of political philosophy today is most likely to be based on his or her
position on social issues such as abortion or environmentalism
In 2008, the supreme court ruled that the Bill of Rights does not allow the federal government to ban ____ in the District of Columbia
private possession of firearms
What is the relationship between family formation and crime?
genetics and environment.
de Tocqueville argued that American democracy endured as the byproduct of
geography, laws, customs, manners
Today, about __ percent of aliens who seek citizenship are successful in meeting the statutory requirements to become naturalized citizens
97
Which of the following statements regarding the Warrant requirement is incorrect? ~the fourth amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures ~a warrant must be signed by a neutral magistrate, or judge ~A judge must be convinced there is a probable cause before signing a warrant ~a warrant must specifically describe what is to be searched and where it is to be seized ~A warrant cannot be issued for an automobile
A warrant cannot be issued for an automobile
Why doesn't Darwinian finches provide compelling evidence for evolution?
Beak sizes return to the median size when the rain returns
What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights?
Civil liberties are protection of individual citizens against the power of the state, they set limits for the government. Civil rights are government programs designed to make all citizens fuller participants in American society
Which groups of people were referred to as "red-diaper babies" by commentators in the1960s?
College radicals who were the children of radicals
A public opinion pollster might need to make as many as ____ phone calls just to get around one thousand respondents for a survey.
Fifteen thousand
The earliest immigrant group to arrive in large numbers and thus alter the scope of civil rights issues consisted of
Irish Catholics
In the 1940's, president Roosevelt had ___ removed from their homes and placed in relocation centers
Japanese Americans
No democratic candidate for president has won a majority of white southern votes since
Lyndon Johnson
In the aftermath of Roe, the supreme court has allowed which of the following regulations on abortion ~Mandatory 24-hour waiting period ~the requirement of parental consent for teenagers ~the required provision of pamphlets with information about alternatives to abortion ~Mandatory Consent of husbands ~A, B, and C
Mandatory 24-hour waiting periods
The supreme court justice who compared unpopular political speech to falsely shouting "Fire!" in a theater was
Oliver Wendell Holmes
The notion that individuals should work hard save their money, and avoid dependence of the state is
Protestant (work) ethic
The Supreme Court's decision in Casey was notable because
Republican appointees joined in an opinion that refused to overturn Roe
What are the two major approaches to interpreting the religion clause in the constitution?
Secular (wall of separation), and Accommodation (non-preferential)
what are 3 prongs of the lemon test?
The government's action must have a secular legislative purpose; (Purpose Prong); The government's action must not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion; (Effect Prong); The government's action must not result in an "excessive government entanglement" with religion. (Entanglement Prong)
Liberty and individual responsibility are two key elements of
U.S. political culture
The first major studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, found that
a small group of Americans were informed, but most Americans were not
When the Supreme Court was asked to consider constitutional challenges to restrictions on speech in the McCain-Feingold campaign finance reform law of 2002, it
accepted the case and upheld the restrictions in question
In America, we often refer to political elites as
activists
Which of the following are statutory requirements for naturalization ~five years residency (three, if married to a citizen) ~Good moral character ~attachment to constitutional principals ~disposition to the good order of the United States ~All of the above
all of the above
Compared with European countries such as Great Britain, France, and Germany, class voting in the United States has
also declined sharply
Studies of opinion-policy congruence suggest that the rate at which the government adopts policies supported by majorities in pools has
been declining sing 1980
Compared with the average European, the average American is more likely to
believe in God, pray on daily basis, acknowledge clear standards of right and wrong
One reason that political elites are more consistent in their ideological beliefs than the average citizen is that they are
better informed
The First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law prohibiting the "free exercise" of religion. It may, however
bind religions to laws that bind all others
Which of the following forms of symbolic speech might result in punishment and denial of any claim to being protected speech
burning a draft card
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the 1992 supreme court ruling concerning school integration
busing can be ended if segregation is caused by shifting housing patterns
How did Roe v. Wade establish operationally abortion on demand in the U.S.?
by using the "fundamental right" it is the woman's body so she has the right to privacy.
If you, as a public figure, are grievously harmed by the written statements of someone who cannot prove that they are true, you
can collect damages if you demonstrate malice
What are 3 arguments in favor or censoring pornography?
censorship is inevitable, it does influence behavior, there is no artistic renaissance
in their struggle for equal treatment, women, unlike blacks, had to deal with a legal tradition that
claimed to be protecting them
Americans have a comparatively low degree of
class consciousness
A supporter of equality of opportunity as a way of redressing past civil rights inequities would be most likely to advocate
color-blind administration of the laws
In the case of Rostker v. Goldberg, the supreme court held that
congress may choose to draft men but not woman
When an individual's views are consistently conservative or liberal, we say that person is ideologically
constrained
The supreme court has struck down laws that require the teaching of the theory of
creationism
The general pattern on public opinion cleavages in this country has been
crosscutting, based on many variables
the supreme court's position on quotas for minorities can best be described as
deeply divided
The preamble to the U.S. Constitution lists all of the following goals of government except ~union ~justice ~liberty ~democracy ~tranquility
democracy
Early competition between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans ended by establishing the principle that
democracy could survive a change of ruling parties
Research finds that religious persons are more likely than secular persons to
donate money to charity, volunteer their time, give money and time to nonreligious organizations.
Which of the following groups of issues does the text refer to as areas of conflict in the culture war? ~Abortion, school prayer, foreign policy ~Gay rights, taxes, business regulation ~School prayer, foreign policy, pornography ~drug use, school prayer, abortion ~business regulation, foreign policy, space policy
drug use, school prayer, aboriton
Although early studies of American public opinion and voting found low information levels, they also found that Americans were pretty good at
employing cues to select policies, parties, and candidates that most nearly reflected their values and interests.
Social policy in the United States is dominated by a common belief among Americans in the
ethic of self-relieance
in a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan, the supreme court reaffirmed its decision in Bakke by rejecting the use of a(n)
exact numerical advantage
The supreme court ruled in the Bakke case that
explicit numerical quotas are illegal
A typical public opinion poll today features about ___ respondents
fifteen hundred
An Indianapolis ordinance defining pornography as the "graphic, sexually explicit subordination of woman" was held by the supreme court to be
in violation of the First Amendment
In American political culture, the ___ view of social policy is by far the most popular
individualist
Alan Abramowitz suggests that the culture way might be more real than imagined because people are increasingly choosing their party affiliation on the basis of
issues
What are 2 reasons why culture wars are difficult to resolve?
it is impossible to compromise; money is not normally involved; involves people most deepest world views
Which of the following statements concerning the "right to privacy" is correct? ~it is said to emanate from provisions in the fourteenth amendment ~it is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution ~it is explicitly mentioned in the first and fifth amendments ~it is explicitly mentioned in the first, second and fifth amendments ~ it is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution
it is nowhere mentioned in the constitution
How does the government serve as an enabler according to Stuessal?
it pays people and does not enforce getting treatment for drug addictions
the supreme court's current definition of obscenity denies free-speech protection to materials or activities that
lack serious literacy, artistic, political, or scientific value
What are 3 explanations by Tocqueville as to why democracy flourished in the US?
limited government, large private sector, people would favor equality of liberty
Pollsters have to be concerned about ideological self-identification in polls because
many Americans do not know what liberalism and conservatism mean, many Americans do not feel the need to be ideologically consistent, some respondents will hide what they think to be socially unacceptable self-identifications, the desire to hide self-identifications might inflate responses of "don't know" or "moderate"
The surveys that were conducted in Cincinnati and nationally concerning the monetary control act were significant because
many people expressed views about the legislation, which was entirely fictitious
Increasingly, pollsters
measure political ideology by looking for constraint
Most blue-collar workers in the united states think of themselves as
middle-class
a great change in the status of women took place when
millions were hired in defense plants during world war 2
Which of the following statements about economic equality applies most accurately to Americans? ~most Americans believe that all people should be paid on the basis of their economic needs: "Equality of results" ~most Americans believe that everyone has the right to get ahead: "equality of opportunity" ~most Americans believe in the preferential treatment of women and minorities in hiring: "equality of access" ~most Americans believe in the idea of having a top limit on what people can earn "equality of wealth" ~Most Americans believe that citizens who participate in politics should have guaranteed income "equality of participants"
most Americans believe that everyone has the right to get ahead: "Equality of opportunity"
Under the defense of Marriage Act, signed by President Clinton,
no state would be forced to recognize a same-sex marriage performed in another state
Which of the following statements concerning attitudes and opinions expressed by Americans in surveys is incorrect? ~they have greater faith in political organizations ~they are more likely to be patriotic than citizens of other nations ~they have greater faith in private institutions than citizens of other nations ~their trust in government had declined in recent years ~none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements concerning conscientious objectors is incorrect ~ the draft laws have always exempted them from service ~the supreme court has upheld the constitutionality of their exemption from service ~the supreme court has insisted that exemptions be allowed for those who do not believe in a supreme being ~the supreme court has insisted that exemptions be allowed for those who do not belong to any religious traditions ~none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements concerning the bill of rights and state power is incorrect ~the bill of rights originally applied only to the federal government ~the supreme court clearly held that the Bill of rights applied only to the federal government in an 1833 case ~ the constitution was generally silent on what states could not do to their residents ~the interpretation and application of the bill of rights began to change after the civil war ~none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements concerning the case of Ernesto Miranda is incorrect ~Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping ~The conviction was based on a written confession ~Miranda signed the Confession ~the victim identified Miranda ] ~None of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements is incorrect? ~congress opens each session with prayer ~a public school cannot have a chaplain ~the armed services can have chaplains ~all of the above ~none of the above
none of the above
A good example of how community sensitivities and personal self-expression can sometimes conflict is that of
nude dancing
what are 3 arguments against censorship?
obscenity does not influence people's behaviors (no harm); people should have total artistic freedom (see and read whatever they want); slippery slope (more and more censorship)
In a critical 1883 decision, the supreme court distinguished between ___ and ____ racial discrimination
official; private
Exit polls are conducted
on election day at polling places
Regarding preferential treatment of minorities in the areas of hiring and university admissions, the majority of those polled
oppose it in both areas
Why is the exclusive teaching of Darwinism in the public schools considered to be a violation of the separation between church and state?
parents would argue that it creates a conflict with raising children in religion of choice, the foundation of secular humanism
The supreme court has argued that the right to privacy can be found in ___ of the provisions in the Bill of Rights
penumbras
Elites have probably influenced, if not led, public opinion on all of the following topics except: ~racism ~sexism ~HIV/AIDS ~environmentalism ~perceptions of crime
perceptions of crime
The text argues that the U.S constitution had to reconcile
personal liberty with the need for social control
in a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan, the supreme court upheld a policy that used race as a
plus factor
A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue is referred to as
political ideology
Congregational Churches provided many Americans with
political training and experience
When the supreme court rules that Amish people cannot be forced to send their children to school, it
protects the free exercise of religion but opens itself to criticisms regarding establishment
If any given voter has a chance of being in a survey, the sample is best described as a ____ sample
random
The 1986 immigration reform and control act granted amnesty and citizenship to illegal aliens who
resided continuously in the country since January 1, 1982
in order for a law to discriminate between a man and women constitutionally, it must
rest on some ground of difference between males and females, be substantially related to a legitimate legislative goal, treat similar persons similarly, be reasonable and not arbitrary
The text suggests that Americans have a "preoccupation" with
rights
The importance of the Brown v. Board of Education civil rights case was that the supreme court
ruled that racially separate schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional
Blacks were finally able to advance their interests during the 1950s and 1960s in part by
shifting their struggle from congress to courts
the text suggests that our genetic background explains
some of our political ideology
Compared with Americans, Japanese are more likely to
stress social harmony and group cohesion in their social relations
Among the general standards for quota and preference systems that seem to be emerging from recent supreme court rulings is that
such systems must correct an actual pattern of discrimination
African Americans are more likely than whites to
support affirmative action, think the criminal justice system is biased against them, to oppose the use of military force, to doubt that we should all be willing to fight for our country
The citizens of ___ are least likely to think that success in like is determined by forces outside our control
the United States
The citizens of ____ are most likely to say that teaching children the value of hard work is important
the United States
In am important recent decision, the Supreme Court upheld a voucher program for students attending religious and other private schools in Cleveland, Ohio, because
the aid was not given to particular schools but to the families whose chose the schools
The supreme court probably relied on social science studies in the Brown decision because the justices realized that
the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment may not have intended to outlaw segregated schools
Conflicts in Civil liberties often arise because
the bill of rights list several competing rights
the earliest incorporations of portions of the Bill of Rights relied on
the due process and equal protection clauses
The supreme court denied the Hazelwood High School student newspaper to the right to print certain stories, using the argument that
the exercise of free expression by students cannot impede the educational mission of the school
The difference between "De facto" and "De Jure" segregation is that
the former results from private choices, the latter from public law
A state cannot apply a license fee to Jehovah's Witnesses who solicit door to door. This is keeping with
the free-exercise clause of the First Amendment
Over the last three decades, public trust has declined for all of the following except ~newspapers ~public schools ~the military ~churches ~labor unions
the military
Name 3 ways in which closed-ended polls are deceptive
the phrasing of the question can lead to a specific answer, reasons for the answer are not provided, the timing of the poll can target specific groups, does not measure the intensity of their beliefs
Which of the following statements is incorrect? ~Democratic members of Congress tend to be consistently liberal ~Republican members of Congress tend to be consistently conservative ~Democratic members of Congress tend to be more liberal than democratic voters ~Republican members of Congress tend to be more conservative than republican voters ~the policy preferences of Democratic and Republican voters are generally the same
the policy preferences of Democratic and Republican voters are generally the same
The supreme court has allowed the state of Texas to display ____ outside its capital building
the ten commandments
The historical source for the "wall of separation" between religion and the state is
the writings of Thomas Jefferson
Which of the of the following statements regarding aliens is incorrect? ~they cannot vote or run for office ~the must pay takes, and if legally admitted, are entitled to welfare benefits ~they can be barred by states from serving on juries ~ if illegally admitted, they cannot obtain a social security card ~their children can be excluded from the public school system
their children can be excluded form the public school system
Most high school students share the same party identification as
their parents
A political culture exists where
there is a distinctive and patterned way of thinking about political and economic life
Putnam worried that Americans might be losing social capital because
they are less and less likely to join voluntary associations.
Although the proportion of people who say they trust the government in Washington to do the right thing has steadily declined since the 1950s, it should be remembered that
they are talking about government officials, not they system of government
Which of the following statements about the opinions of political elites is correct? ~they may shape economic policies, but they do not define economic problems ~they may shape foreign affairs policies, but they do not define foreign affairs problems ~the both define the problems and shape the policies on social issues such as crime and drugs ~they tend to reflect the views of a single, unified elite ~they tend to reflect the views of middle America
they may shape economic policies, but they do not define economic problems
which of the following would political elites be least likely to raise as a new public issue? ~acid rain ~birth control and planned parenthood ~disinvestment in South Africa ~unemployment ~racial discrimination
unemployment
A local state forbidding adult movie theaters from being located near churches, schools, or parks would probably be
upheld as a regulation of land use
When eleven communists were convicted under the Smith Act of 1940, the supreme court
upheld the convictions
When U.S. Nazis sought to parade in Skokie, Illinois, where many Jews lived, the courts
upheld their right to parade peacefully
Usually, the supreme court has reacted to wartime curtailments of civil liberties by
upholding them
In a recent case, the Supreme Court struck down a portion of a 1996 law related to child pornography because the case at and involved
virtual, or computer-simulated, images
The culture war is about
what kind of country we ought to live in
In addition to relieving the effects of past discrimination what further justification was affected by the supreme court for affirmative action?
whites should have priority in keeping their job, race-based scholarships are not okay, must have proof that YOU were discriminated against.
Which of the following statements regarding the voting habits of men and women is incorrect? ~their voting reflects distinct differences in points of view ~the gap that is evident between their points of view is not new ~men have forsaken the democratic party ~women have forsaken the republican party ~none of the above
women have forsaken the republican party