chapter 6 health
Couples who have the same "love language" report higher relationship satisfaction than couples who do not.
false
Agape refers to idealistic love.
true
Embracing polyamory has both advantages and disadvantages. It can offer greater variety in your emotional and sexual life; the avoidance of hidden affairs and the attendant feelings of deception, mistrust, or betrayal; and the opportunity to have different needs met by different people. The disadvantages of polyamory involve having to manage your feelings of jealousy and limited time with each partner. Of the latter, one polyamorous partner said, "With three relationships and a full-time job, I just don't have much time to spend with each partner, so I'm frustrated about who I'll be with next. And managing the feelings of the other partners who want to spend time with me is a challenge."*
true
Men are jealous of a rival's physical dominance.
true
Mongeau and colleagues (2013) identified seven types of friends-with-benefits relationships.
true
Most companies have no policy regarding love relationships at work, and generally regard romances between coworkers as none of the company's business.
true
Stalking may involve threats of physical harm.
true
Technology impacts romantic relationships in both positive and negative ways.
true
The need for love and sex increases with deprivation
true
Those in the individualistic US tend to be more romantic. Those in familistic Eastern countries (China, India, Indonesia) tend to be more realistic in their view of love.
true
sk your friends or peers in your sexuality class to identify the characteristics of love. You will hear such words as caring, commitment, trust, companionship, affection, happiness, and security. The most notable characteristic of love is diversity—people have different conceptions of love, identify different elements associated with love, and categorize love as representing different styles. Lomas (2018) regarded love as a polysemous concept and examined its nature and presence across the world's cultures reflected in published and internet sources. He found 609 words associated with "love," which he grouped into 14 categories representing 14 "flavours" of love. Examples included familial love, passionate love (sensual/physical desire), compassionate love, possessive love, and star-crossed love. Emotional expression also differs by gender and sexual orientation, with gay men tending to the highest expression of "soft" emotions and heterosexual men the lowest level of such expression (Zeigler & Muscarella, 2019).
true
Stalking
An extreme form of obsessive relational intrusion that may involve behaviors like home invasion or threats of physical harm -It usually causes great emotional distress and impairs the recipient's social and work activities. Of 3,028 male respondents in a survey of undergraduates, 19% reported that someone had stalked them, whereas 28% of 9,942 undergraduate females reported being stalked (Hall & Knox, 2019).
Open relationship
Each partner agrees that the other can have sexual (and sometimes emotional) relationships with someone outside the couple relationship
Jealousy
Emotional reaction to a perceived or real threat to a valued love relationship -Of 3,005 university males, 51% agreed with the statement "I am a jealous person"; of 9,888 undergraduate females, 54% agreed with that statement (Hall & Knox, 2019). Jealousy is also more likely to occur early in a couple's relationship, such as when new couples are working out their trust/levels of commitment. When noncohabiting, cohabiting, and married couples are compared in regard to jealously, married couples are the least likely to report jealousy in their relationship (Gatzeva & Paik, 2011).
Family of origin
Family into which an individual is born
Family of procreation
Family you begin by finding a mate and having and rearing children
Sexual guilt
Feeling that results from violating your sexual values
Friends with benefits
Friends who get together regularly for sex but who do not have a romantic relationship
Exchange theory
In mate selection, refers to selecting a partner who offers the greatest rewards at the lowest cost
Complementary needs theory
Individuals tend to select a mate whose needs are opposite or complementary to their own needs
Polyamory
Involvement of more than two individuals in a pair-bonded relationship (some of the individuals may be married to each other) who have an emotional, sexual, and sometimes parenting relationship
Hooking up
Meeting someone and becoming sexually involved that same evening with no commitment or expectation beyond the encounter
Polyfidelity
Partners in the group remain faithful (sexually exclusive) to everyone else in the group
Swingers
Spouses who agree that they will have sexual encounters with other couples
Obsessive relational intrusion
Stranger or acquaintance repeatedly invades the physical or symbolic space of another with the goal of having an intimate relationship
Obsessive relational intrusion (ori)
Stranger or acquaintance repeatedly invades the physical or symbolic space of another with the goal of having an intimate relationship -A stranger or an acquaintance may employ ORI by repeatedly invading one's physical or symbolic privacy in their attempts to have an intimate relationship. Activities may include sending text messages, calls, gifts, and repeated requests for dates, or they may escalate into stalking and violence.
Exogamy
The cultural expectation to marry outside your own family group
Endogamy
The cultural expectation to select a marriage partner within one's own social group —such as race, religion, and social class. Endogamous pressures involve social approval and disapproval to encourage you to select a partner within your own group. The pressure toward an endogamous mate choice is especially strong when race is concerned.
Sex party
The gathering of 6 or more people where full nudity is allowed and people openly engage in sexual and/or kinky activities
Compersion
The opposite of jealousy, whereby a person feels positive about a lover's emotional and sexual enjoyment with another
Principle of least interest
The person with the least interest controls the relationship
Men tend to reflect the eros love style.
false
Monogamous couples report significantly higher relationship quality than polyamorous couples/"open" couples.
false
The consequences of jealousy are always detrimental to the relationship.
false
This sexual activity could range from kissing to sexual intercourse and is a repeated part of a friendship, not just a one-night stand. Forty-nine percent of 3,007 undergraduate males reported that they had been in a FWBR (43% of 9,902 undergraduate females) (Hall & Knox, 2019). Stein et al. (2019) identified the primary motivation for involvement in an FWBR—sex. In addition, there are gender differences, with men more focused on the sex and women more focused on the relationship aspects. Cashman & Walters (2018) found that persons who reported having been in an FWBR (compared to those who had not experienced an FWBR) reported having had more lifetime sexual partners, more partners since beginning college, and higher rates of masturbation (particularly women).
friends with benefits
By agreement, each partner may have numerous emotional and sexual relationships. Between 4% and 5% of individuals report involvement in a polyamorous relationship, also referred to as consensual non-monogamy (Moors et al., 2014; Blumer et al., 2015). Balzarini et al. (2016) reported on a sample of 3,530 adults who identified as polyamorous and found that 77% of the females and 40% of the males identified as something other than heterosexual—the most prominent was bisexual and pansexual. The respondents were also well-educated and nonreligious.
polyamory
About 80% of the 100 members of Twin Oaks Community (www.twinoaks.org) in Louisa, Virginia, are polyamorous—each partner may have several emotional or physical relationships with others at the same time. Although most are not legally married, these adults view themselves as emotionally bonded to each other and may even rear children together. Concerned about enduring, intimate relationships that include sex, people in polyamorous relationships seek to rid themselves of jealous feelings and to increase their level of compersion—feeling happy for a partner who enjoys an emotional and sexual relationship with another.
true
According to Sternberg (1986), various types of love can be described on the basis of the three elements he identified: 1. Nonlove: absence of all three components 2. Liking: intimacy without passion or commitment 3. Infatuation: passion without intimacy or commitment 4. Romantic love: intimacy and passion without commitment 5. Companionate love: intimacy and commitment without passion 6. Fatuous love: passion and commitment without intimacy 7. Empty love: commitment without passion or intimacy 8. Consummate love: combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment
true
Allison and Risman (2017) confirmed that the delay in ideal marriage is associated with hooking up and with more hookup partners. But such hooking up from this delay occurs less often for working-class women (particularly black women) and Asian men who do not benefit from the white, male, more class-privileged hookup college culture. Hence, hookups are affected by gender, race, and class.
true
Antipolygamy legislation has framed polyamory as a sexual orientation, arguing that some people are immutably predisposed toward forming multiple relationships. Robinson (2013) interviewed 40 bisexual women and suggested that polyamory and monogamy are better viewed as strategies of sexual expression rather than as immutable orientations. Hence, you are not born to seek polyamory, but you may seek a context of multiple partners independent of sexual orientation. Aguilar (2013) was a participant observer at two communes where polyamory was practiced. She noted how the social context in which people live influences them to follow the group norms. In regard to the psychological well-being of the partners involved in consensual non-monogamy, as well as to relationship quality and stability, a review of literature has revealed no significant differences compared with people in monogamous relationships (Rubel & Bogaert, 2015).
true
As is apparent, the research is mixed on the impact of hooking up. To add to the research inconsistences, there has been a concern that the "hookup culture" has undermined and been associated with the devaluation of marriage. But James-Kangal et al. (2018) surveyed 248 emerging adults and confirmed that "Contrary to concerns about the devaluation of marriage, results indicated that level of engagement in hooking up was not associated with expectations for involvement in future committed relationships, including marriage."
true
Avoiding the person is one way of dealing with a stalker.
true
Both love and sex have a cognitive component.
true
Chang and colleagues (2012) surveyed 369 undergraduates (69% reported having hooked up) and found that those with pro-feminist attitudes were not more likely to hook up. However, women who hooked up were more likely than men to agree with the unspoken rules of hooking up: no commitment, no emotional intimacy, and no future obligation to each other. They were clear that hooking up was about sex with no future. These data reflect that hooking up may be common on college and university campuses. The exceptions are campuses, such as Liberty University, that provide a religious context for students.
true
Chang et al. (2012) identified the unspoken rules of hooking up: Doing so is not dating or a romantic relationship. Hooking up is physical and secret. Someone who hooks up is to expect no subsequent phone calls from their hookup partner, and condoms/protection should always be used (though only 57% of their sample reported condom use on hookups). Aubrey and Smith (2013) also noted that hooking up reflects a set of cultural beliefs. These beliefs include that hooking up is shameless fun, will enhance your status in your peer group, and reflects your sexual freedom/control over your sexuality.
true
Chang et al. (2012) identified the unspoken rules of hooking up: Doing so is not dating, hooking up is not a romantic relationship, hooking up is physical, hooking up is secret, someone who hooks up is to expect no subsequent phone calls from their hooking up partner, and condoms/protection should always be used.
true
Complementary needs theory can be summarized as "opposites attract."
true
Couples who have first intercourse as friends are likely to transition to a romantic relationship.
true
Data on the frequency of college students having experienced a hookup varies. In their review of literature, Barriger and Velez-Blasini (2013) found that between 77% and 85% of undergraduates reported having hooked up within the previous year, suggesting that hooking up may be becoming a primary context for learning about intimate relationships.
true
Desirable consequences of jealousy: Jealousy may also signal to the partner that they are valued and telegraph parameters for interaction with others.
true
Developing an emotional relationship with a robot is possible.
true
Gary Chapman's (2010) five love languages have become part of American love culture. These five languages are gifts, quality time, words of affirmation, acts of service, and physical touch. Chapman encourages individuals to use the language of love most desired by the partner rather than the one preferred by the individual providing the love. Bland and McQueen (2018) studied the love languages in 100 couples and found that congruent love languages between the partners was associated with their reporting less distress in their relationship. In a previous study, Bunt and Hazelwood (2017) compared love languages in 67 heterosexual couples and found that 61% had the same primary love language. However, there was no significant relationship between having the same love language and reported relationship satisfaction. Rather it was the self-regulation, the adaptability in adjusting to the different perceptions, particularly for women, that was associated with relationship satisfaction. Finally, having a mutual love language of quality time was positively related to relationship satisfaction and commitment. Having a love language of receiving gifts was negatively associated with low relationship satisfaction and commitment. Hence, enjoying spending time with one's partner not the gifts one's partner provides is associated with positive relationship outcomes (Taff & Limke-McLean, 2019).
true
Hendrick and Hendrick (1992) described and studied another schema for looking at types of love relationships or orientations toward love, based on a theory of Canadian sociologist John Alan Lee. Although people may show characteristics of more than one love style, they are often characterized as exhibiting one of six different love styles: Eros: passionate love; not limited to physical passion Ludus: game-playing love—for mutual enjoyment without serious intent Storge: friendship; companionate love Pragma: pragmatic and practical love Mania: manic, jealous, obsessive love Agape: selfless, idealistic love
true
Hilliard et al. (2019c) investigated the degree to which the sexual values of absolutism (no intercourse before marriage), relativism (sexual involvement in the context of a relationship), and hedonism (sex for pleasure) change when a romantic relationship ends. A 32-item internet questionnaire (completed by 286 never-married undergraduates who had experienced one or more romantic breakups) and a focus group were the data sources. Analysis revealed, in general, significant changes from absolutism to relativism and from relativism to hedonism after a romantic breakup. Examples of comments from undergraduates who were asked to talk about how the breakup changed their sexual values:
true
Hooking up is a sexual encounter that occurs between individuals who have no relationship commitment. Between 70% and 85% of college students report having hooked up (Hudson et al., 2018). The definitions of hooking up vary from a one-night encounter to repetitive sexual experiences with a nonromantic partner periodically over time (Vrangalova, 2015). Most often the individuals will have met that evening, had drinks, and gone back to one of the partners' apartments for sex. There is generally no expectation of seeing each other again, and alcohol is often involved. Broader definitions of hooking up (such as making out or deep kissing) tend to be used by women, whereas men see hooking up as involving intercourse (Yazedjian et al., 2014).
true
In a national survey of workers, over half (57%) revealed that they had become involved in a romance with a coworker; 10% said that they met the person they married there (Vault Careers, 2017).
true
In a study of 477 first year college students, those reporting sexual intercourse in casual relationships reported decreases in emotional health compared to those engaging in no sexual behavior (Wesche et al. 2019). Fielder and colleagues (2013) studied hookups in first-year college women and found an association with experiencing depression, sexual victimization, and STIs. De Jong et al. (2018) found that female emotional reaction to hooking up was related to motivation—if the goal was fun/pleasure/enhancement, the outcome was positive. If the hookup was used as a coping mechanism, the outcome was negative. Women and men often experience hooking up differently. Women in hookup contexts were less likely to experience cunnilingus but were frequently expected to provide fellatio (Blackstrom et al., 2012). However, Vrangalova (2015) analyzed data on 872 undergraduates that revealed a positive outcome in regard to psychological well-being for females (they may have felt empowered) and a negative outcome for men (they may have felt threatened/pressure to perform).
true
In no society are children permitted to marry the parent of the other sex. In the United States, siblings and, in some states, first cousins are also prohibited from marrying each other. The reason for such restrictions is fear of genetic defects in children whose parents are too closely related.
true
In one study, men reported having 10 hookups; women reported having 7 (Jayson, 2011). The higher ratio of women to men on campus is associated with a higher frequency of hooking up (Adkins et al., 2015). National data from 2004 to 2012 on the sexual behavior of young adults revealed no evidence of partners reporting more sexual partners or more frequent sex across the years (Monto & Carey, 2014). The notion of a new hookup cultural wave was not substantiated by the data.
true
In some cases, sexual guilt may interfere with a person's sexual well-being. For example, some women feel guilty about experiencing sexual pleasure because they have been taught that sex is bad and that "good" women do not enjoy sex. In this situation, sexual guilt may interfere with a woman's ability to become sexually aroused and experience orgasm, even within a loving and committed relationship. One woman in the authors' classes said, "I never felt sex was okay, not even after I was married. I think my Catholic background and prudish parents did me in."
true
Jealousy can be triggered by external or internal factors. External factors can include behaviors a partner engages in that are interpreted as an emotional and/or sexual interest in someone (or something) else or a lack of emotional and/or sexual interest in the primary partner. Per traditional gender roles, women can become jealous of a rival's physical attractiveness ("She's a beautiful woman. No wonder my partner is interested"), and male jealousy can be provoked by the rival's physical dominance ("I'm a runt compared to that guy") (Buunk et al., 2010).
true
Jealousy may also signal to the partner that they are valued and telegraph parameters for interaction with others, such as a ban on communicating with previous lovers. A woman said of her jealous partner: When I started spending extra time with this guy at the office, my partner got jealous and told me he thought I was getting in over my head and asked me to cut back on the relationship because it was "tearing him up." I felt he really loved me when he told me this, so I stopped having lunch with the guy at work and distanced myself from him. (Source: Authors' files)
true
Jealousy, with its obsessive ruminations about the partner's alleged infidelity, can make people miserable. They may obsessively worry about the partner being with the new person, which they interpret as confirmation of their own inadequacy. Jealousy also conveys "I don't trust you" to the partner, and it is this insidious mistrust that may destroy the relationship. If jealousy results in repeated, unwarranted accusations, a partner can tire of such attacks and seek to end the relationship with the accuser.
true
Love in the West and love in the East differ. Those in individualistic America tend to be more romantic, expect love to be present before marriage, and believe that love continues as a prerequisite for staying together. Those in familistic Eastern countries (China, India, Indonesia) tend to be more realistic in their view of love, expect love to follow rather than precede marriage, and do not require love to continue for the couple to stay together. Love between partners in Western society is considered a criterion for marital success (Turetsky et al., 2014). The result is that Western societies (including the United States) have a very high divorce rate (40%-50%) compared to Eastern societies, which have very low divorce rates (under 10%). Being romantic about love is also more likely among American undergraduates than Icelandic undergraduates. In a comparison of data from the respective countries, not only were Americans more likely to have experienced love at first sight, but they were also more willing to marry within a short time after meeting the person if they were in love (Freysteinsdóttir et al., 2014).
true
Married couples in which one spouse is black and the other white make up less than 1% of the 63.3 million marriages in the United States (ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2019, Table 60).
true
Mongeau and colleagues (2013) surveyed 258 people who were in an FWBR. Based on this survey, they identified seven types and stated the percentages of each. 1. True friends: These are close friends who have sex on multiple occasions (similar to but not labeled as romantic partners); the largest percentage (26%) of the 258 respondents reported this type of FWBR. 2. Just sex: The focus is sex and a serial hookup with the same person, with no care about that person other than as a sexual partner (12%). 3. Network opportunism: As part of the same social network, network opportunists hang out together and sometimes go home to have sex together when there is no better option—a sort of sexual failsafe (15%). 4. Successful transition: This type uses an FWBR to transition into a romantic relationship (8%). Laverty et al. (2016) analyzed data on 803 individuals who had their first intercourse as friends. Over a third of the men and women (36% and 38%) expected that they would end up as potential partners. In 61% of the cases, their expectations were realized. 5. Unintentional transition: This sexual relationship morphs into a romantic relationship without the transition being the initial intent; the relationship results from regular sex, hanging out together, and so forth (8%). 6. Failed transition: One partner becomes involved, while the other does not. As a result, the relationship stalls; the lowest percentage (7%) of the 258 respondents reported this type of FWBR. 7. Transition out: The couple was romantic, but the relationship ended; however, the sexual relationship continued (11%). Advantages to ex-sex include having a safe sexual partner, having a predictably good sexual partner who knows your likes/dislikes, not increasing the number of lifetime sexual partners, and "fanning sexual flames that might facilitate rekindling partners' emotional connections" (Mongeau et al., 2013).
true
Most people have definite ideas about what they are looking for in a partner. The currency used in the marriage market consists of the socially valued characteristics of the persons involved, such as age, physical characteristics, and economic status. In our free-choice system of partner selection, we typically get as much in return for our social attributes as we can.
true
Polyamorists are different from swingers in that the latter are more focused on sex.
true
Polyfidelity differs from polyamory in that polyfideles (the term for someone who practices polyfidelity) expect their partners to remain sexually exclusive within a group that is larger than two people, though some polyfidelitous groups have members who do not have sex with each other. Almost all polyfideles see each other as family members, regardless of the degree of sexual contact within their relationships. Not all polys in a relationship have sex with each other, and I call those who are emotionally intimate but not sexually connected polyaffective.
true
Polys frequently use the terms primary, secondary, and tertiary to describe their varied levels of intimacy. Primary partners—sometimes corresponding to the larger cultural conception of a spouse—usually have long-term relationships, joint finances, cohabitate, make major life decisions together, and sometimes they have children. Secondary partners tend to keep their lives more separate than primary partners, frequently maintain separate finances and residences, may have less intense emotional connections than primaries, and usually discuss major life decisions, though they generally do not make those decisions jointly. Tertiary relationships are often less emotionally intimate, sometimes with long-distance or more casual partners. Some tertiary relationships closely resemble swinging. Some poly families have spice, the poly word for more than one spouse. Emotional relationships may even be possible with robots. Hiroshi Ishiguro of Japan builds androids—"beautiful, realistic, uncannily convincing human replicas." He has suggested that developing love feelings for an android is now a possibility (Mar, 2017).
true
Primary partners usually make major life decisions together.
true
Research by Fulle et al. (2015) revealed that women reported more guilt over their sexual behavior than men.
true
Robert Sternberg (1986) identified several states of love on the basis of the presence or absence of three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Sternberg defined the following three elements in his triangular theory of love: Intimacy: emotional connectedness Passion: romantic feelings and physical sexual desire Commitment: desire to maintain the relationship
true
Romantic love today may be conceptualized as existing on a continuum from romanticism to realism. Romantics believe in love at first sight, in one true love, and in the idea that love conquers all. Realists disagree with all these beliefs. Realists believe that love takes time to develop, that there are numerous people with whom you may fall in love, and that love does not conquer all. Self-Assessment 6-1: The Love Attitudes Scale provides a way for you to assess where you fall on the continuum from romanticism to realism.
true
Sex in casual relationships is associated with decreases in emotional health.
true
Sex without love is not unusual. In a sample of 3,066 undergraduate males, 53% reported that they had had sex without love, as did 49% of 10,008 undergraduate females (Hall & Knox, 2019). However, uninvolved sex seems to be lacking. In a study by Thomsen and Chang (2000), 292 undergraduate respondents identified the two most frequent regrets about their first intercourse experience as wishing they had waited and wishing they had been in a committed relationship. In a survey of 315 undergraduates, both men and women reported that they wanted to delay sex with partners that they were romantically interested in (Hunt & Jozkowski, 2014).
true
Sheff (2014) identified the benefits and difficulties of poly families—multipartner relationships that raise children and function as families. Benefits included shared resources, honesty/emotional intimacy among family members, and multiple role models for children: "Many parents say that their children's lives, experiences, and self-concepts are richer for the multiple loving adults in their families" (p. 201). The difficulties of poly families include social stigma and teenage leverage against poly parents in which a disgruntled teen might blackmail parents, threatening to reveal their unconventional lifestyle to authorities, employers, or teachers.
true
The exchange theory of mate selection may be criticized on the basis that people do not consciously think of what they have and what they can trade. Rather, they have some vague notion of who they are attracted to and rely on past experience to know if the person would be interested in them. People also rarely think in terms of profit and loss—that is, they don't think, "I will stay in this relationship as long as there is profit and leave it when there is loss." Rather, they may think more in terms of love, commitment, and working out whatever issues may confront them.
true
The result is that most people marry within their own racial group. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, the number of interethnic marriages soared nearly 30% to make up nearly 1 in 10 opposite-sex unions, suggesting that the future may be color blind (Wang, 2014). This trend of increased multiracial unity may help ameliorate the disturbing concurrent rise in white racism and hate groups in the United States , which has been aided by online platforms, as reported in the Southern Poverty Law Center's recent research (Hankes, 2016).
true
They have thrown the keys into the river to symbolize they are locked in love forever. The drive to love and to be loved is fundamental to human existence. Sex is also a core element of life. It is the basis of our existence, where we came from in terms of our family of origin (the family in which we were born and reared), and where we are going in terms of our family of procreation (the family we begin, which provides the context for having our own children, if desired). One of the contexts in which sex occurs is love—the context most individuals report as being the most fulfilling. Indeed, love is the top reason for engaging in partnered sex, as identified by a nationally representative study of Americans between the ages of 14 and 94 (Collazo & Barnhart, 2014). Additionally, the greater the emotional involvement of a couple, the more likely they are to have engaged in all forms of sex—kissing, touching, oral, and penetrative sex (Lefkowitz & Wesche, 2014). Finally, there is an urgency in falling in love. One-third of 5,509 Match.com (2017) respondents reported that they expected to feel romantic chemistry on the first date. We begin this chapter by reviewing the various ways love is conceptualized.
true
Various theories—patriarchal, social learning, and social conflict—provide explanations for men stalking women. As an expression of male authority, men learn to be dominant, feel a sense of entitlement to women's bodies, and use physical power to control women. People who stalk are obsessional and very controlling. They are typically mentally ill and have one or more personality disorders involving paranoid, antisocial, or obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
true
Vees are three-person relationships in which one member is sexually connected to each of the two others. The relationship between the two nonlovers can range from strangers (who are aware of and cordial with each other), to casual friends, to enemies. A triad, commonly understood as ménage à trois, generally includes three sexually involved adults. Sometimes triads begin as threesomes—15% of 196 undergraduates reported having participated in a threesome (Morris et al. 2016). But, more often, threesomes form when a single joins an open couple or a larger group loses one or more members. Quads, as the name implies, are groups of four adults most commonly formed when two couples join, although sometimes they develop when a triad adds a fourth or a moresome loses member(s). Quads are notoriously unstable, frequently losing someone to poly-style divorce. Moresomes, groups with five or more adult members, are larger, more fragile, and more complicated than quads.
true
When noncohabiting, cohabiting, and married couples are compared in regard to jealousy, married couples are the least likely to report jealousy in their relationship.
true
While it is often assumed that hookups do not result in long-term love relationships, Erichsen and Dignam (2016) found that 1 in 5 (23%) undergraduates who had hooked up reported that they had transitioned to an exclusive romantic relationship. The primary strategies for transitioning included defining the relationship as more than a hookup ("We care about each other"), expressing personal interest in a relationship beyond sex ("I want more than a sexual relationship with you"), and spending time together doing things of mutual interest. There was no significant gender difference in reporting that a relationship had transitioned from a hookup to an exclusive emotional one. The older the undergraduate, the more likely the student wanted the hookup to become a romantic relationship. They reported on 1,038 Tinder users and found that one-third of the conversations on Tinder led to casual sex and more than a fourth led to a committed relationship. The authors concluded, "... sexual encounters will eventually lead to committed relationships in a society where initiation of relationship formation with dating has been replaced by hooking up" (p. 59).
true
While polyamorous relationships involve emotional as well as sexual involvement with others, open relationships, traditionally called swinging, are more sexually and recreationally focused. These relationships involve individuals agreeing that they may have sexual encounters with others. Over two-thirds (72%) of 12,081 undergraduates reported that they could not feel good about their partner being involved in an emotional/sexual relationship with someone else (Hall & Knox, 2019). These may be more generic feelings of allowing the partner to have had positive emotional/sexual experiences with others rather than current feelings about a love/sex partner. Where a couple is involved in an open relationship, they often agree to certain rules:
true
Women tend to reflect eros and pragma styles, and men the ludus style. The love styles associated with the lowest relationship satisfaction are ludus and mania styles; eros and agape love styles are associated with the highest relationship satisfaction (Montgomery & Sorell, 1997).
true
Wood et al. (2018) revealed that about 4% of adults in North America participate in consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships. Furthermore, there are no differences in mean levels of relationship and sexual satisfaction between CNM and monogamous individuals. Cohen (2016a) studied 122 CNM partners in which the partners agreed that each could become involved with others outside the dyad. Almost two-thirds (73%) of the CNM relationships were by mutual agreement. The greatest advantages were "to experience something new," to be "free," and to not be "tied down." Males were attracted by the opportunity to have sex with others; females were attracted by the notion of not being stuck in a relationship. The greatest disadvantage was the stigma associated with the lifestyle followed by problems in communication, jealousy, and trust. Following the rules, such as not seeing the same person twice, was an important agreement for the partners involved in CNM.
true
romantic love today may be conceptualized as existing on a continuum from romanticism to realism.
true
Vees
Three-person relationships in which one member is sexually connected to each of the two others
