Chapter 6

releases the energy your cells need to make the most of their ATP

Electron transport

are organisms that make all their own organic matter, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, from nutrients that are entirely inorganic from carbon dioxide from the air and water and minerals from the soils.

autotrophs

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Glycolysis produces ___________ _____----

purivic acid

Cellular respiration generates ______________ per second, in just one cell

10 million ATP's

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

for each molecule of glucose how many ATP's are produced

2

Citric acid- Coenzyme A is stripped and the 2 carbon attaches to an existing _______________that serves as the starting point for the citric acid cycle

4 carbon molecule

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

each turbine, minature machines are called ______________, constructed from proteins built into the inner mitochondrial membrane

ATP synthase (looks like a test tube) (crushes hydrogen to make ATP by a twisting motion)

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + sunlight → O2 + sugar

As every baker knows, the ___________ bubbles from fermenting yeast also cause bread dough to rise

CO2 Bubbles

Yeast can perform alcoholic fermentation to produce _____________ and ________ instead of lactic acid

CO2 and ethyl alcohol

purivic acid enters the mitochondria and as it enters one carbon is removed forming______________ as a by-product

Carbon DIoxide

aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules, the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP

Cellular respiration

___________________ attaches to the 2 carbon fragment foreming acetyl CoA

Coeenzyme A

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?' FADH2 ATP NADH + H+ water pyruvate

FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

______________relies on glycolysis to produce ATP

Fermintation

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

Glucose

does not require oxygen and produces two ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

other feeders that include humans and other animals and cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones

Heterotrophs

During celllular respiration the electrons gathered from food molecules fall in a stepwise cascade down_____________________unlocking chemical enegy in amll amounts, bit by bit,that celles can use to put to

an energy staircase,

identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.

INPUTS glucose (fuel) Oxygen (gas we inhale) OUTPUTS CO2 (Gas we exhale) Water ATP (Energy packets that cells use to do the work)

To harvest food energy during glycolysis, ________ must be present to receive electrons

NAD+

the transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ converts it to

NADH

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration?

Virtually all living organisms on Earth perform cellular respiration, including plant

Can all other food make ATP in this process even if it is not glucose? iIf so, where does it fo?

Yes, can either jump into GLycolysis (sugars, glycerol and amio acids), Acetyl CoA (Fatty acids and amino acids) or the citric acid cycle (amino acids)

Cellular respiration is an ________ process

aerobic

when the 6 carbon chain is partially broken down it realeases

carbon dioxide

Consists of many chemical steps with more than two dozen reaction in all

cellular respiration

involvesa specific enzyme to catalyze each reaction

cellular respiration

The lactic acid produced by yiest using lactic acid fermentation is used to produce

cheese, sour cream, and yogurt soy sauce, pickles, cabbages, and olives sausage meat products

the rest of the staircase consists of an

electron transport chain (three proteins before the ATP synthase)

Oxidative Phosphorylation: electron transport electron carriers such as NADH deliver their electrons deliver their electrons to an

electron transport chain (embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria)

Cellular respiration is a conrolle fall of

electrons

___________are stripped forming NADH

electrons

the path electrons take through the chain , as they move along each step of the chain they give up a bit of

energy

the ___________________________ behaves something like the water behind a dam

energy stored by electrom transport

After functioning anaeorobically for about 15 seconds, muscle cells begin to generate ATP by the process of

fermintation

alcohol (occurs in yiest) and lactic acid((occurs in the muscle) are two types of

fermintation

THe overall effect of al this transfer of electrons during cellular respiration is a downwawrd trip for electons from (sequence)

from glucose to NADH to an elecectron transport chain to oxygen

Most often the fuel molecule used by cells is __________ a simpler sugar (monosacchararide) with the formula ___________

glucose C6H12O6.

oxidation

glucose loses elections (and hydrogens)

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.

the _______________ pulls electrons from the transport chain and water is fromed as a by product

oxygen you breath

Cellular respiration three steps all taking place near the

glycolysis, citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain mitochondrion

the energy released by electron sis used to pup hydrogen ions across the this creates an area of high hydrogen ion concentration

iinner membrane of the mitochondria

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

lactate and NAD

the addition of electros to pyruvic acid produces a waste product called

lactic acid

the lactic acid by-product is eventually transported to the_________ where lover cells convert it back to _____________------

liver pyruvic acid

your ________________ have structures that act like turbines

mitochondria

Gycolysis takes place

outside of the mitochondria

Fermintation allows for ATP to continued to be produce in the ansense of

oxygen

reduction

oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)

must be groomed- converted to a form the citric acid cycle can use

pyruvic acid

In the electron transport stage, the chain usesthese ions to

store potential energy

in glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle both make 2 ATp by direct

synthesis

Hydrogen ions flow back acriss the membrane through a turbine (Like water through a dam) the flow spins the turbine which activared

the production of ATP yhis is mostly where ATP comes from