Chapter 6 Learnsmart
Early in glycolysis, two phosphates are added to the glucose molecule. These phosphates come from
breaking down ATP
The coenzyme NADH is generated by
by oxidation reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Correct
The synthesis of ATP via ATP synthase, driven by a proton motive force, is called ______.
chemiosmosis
Glycolysis takes place in the ______.
cytoplasm
Where does the TCA cycle take place in bacteria?
cytoplasm
True or false: In anaerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor would also be oxygen.
false
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) occurs after ______.
glycolysis
What happens to carbon dioxide after it is released during reactions of the TCA cycle?
it diffuses out of the cell
After glycolysis, pyruvate can be converted into ______ under anaerobic conditions.
lactic acid
In bacteria, proton pumps are protein complexes that
move protons from the interior of the cell to the exterior
Hydrogen consists of
one proton, one electron
Enzymes are usually
proteins
The enzyme ATP synthase uses energy from ______ to make ATP.
protons re-entering the cell
True or false: The Calvin Cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
True
True or false: The energy captured in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP comes from the proton motive force created in respiration.
True
True or false: protons used to set up the proton motive force are generated as macromolecules like glucose are oxidized in the cell.
True
The electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain shuttle electrons to
a terminal electron acceptor
_____ refers to energy-requiring metabolic processes that result in the biosynthesis of macromolecules and cellular structures.
anabolism
True or false: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the TCA cycle takes place in the mitochondria.
false
The high-energy electrons of photosystem I are directly passed on to ______.
ferredoxin
The two 3-carbon molecules that glucose is split into during glycolysis are converted through a series of steps ending in what 3-carbon molecule?
pyruvate
The electron transport chain is part of ______.
respiration
During the electron transport chain in bacteria, protons are
shuttled to the outside of the cell membrane
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the ______ of chloroplasts.
stroma
The TCA (Krebs) cycle takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryote cells. Where does it take place in prokaryote cells?
the cytoplasm
In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in
the cytoplasmic membrane
In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped across the cell membrane. This results in
the formation of a proton motive force
Cells prefer to use carbohydrates as energy sources because
they are such good donors of hydrogen and electrons
In aerobic respiration, the last carrier protein in the electron transport chain transfers
two electrons to oxygen
The electrons excited by photons of light are replaced by electrons from ______ in photosystem II, and by electrons from ______ in photosystem I.
water; photosystem II
The energy released during the reactions of glycolysis is used to form ______.
Adenosine triphosphate
Consider the biochemical pathway: A → B → C Enzyme 1 catalyzes A → B Enzyme 2 catalyzes B → C If enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate?
B only
Which of the following contain a metal ion that can accept and donate electrons?
Cytochromes
Where do NADH and FADH2 go after being produced in the TCA cycle?
ETC
Glycolysis makes products that feed into
ETC, TCA, and fermentation
True or false: The cytoplasmic membrane is permeable to protons.
False
The two 3-carbon molecules glucose is split into are converted through a series of steps into pyruvate. During these steps
NAD+ is converted to NADH
Hydrogen is transported from other reactions to the electron transport chain by ______.
NADH and FADH2
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events during photosynthesis?
Photosystem II (ATP production) --> Photosystem I (NADPH production)
In aerobic respiration, oxygen acts as
The terminal electron acceptor
What happens to the protons received from NADH in bacteria?
They are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane, setting up a proton motive force
Which of the following statements accurately describe biochemical pathways? Choose all that apply.
They only function for a few times. They convert an initial substrate through a series of steps into an end product. They are well-organized and structured. They can be linear, branched or cyclical. They are carefully regulated. They always run at their maximum rate.
True or false: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin Cycle.
True
True or false: In a biochemical pathway, the product of the first reaction becomes the substrate in the second reaction.
True
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
Substrate
What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons from a molecule.
For each glucose molecule broken down by glycolysis, how many net ATP molecules are produced?
2
For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many times does the TCA cycle "turn"?
2
How many ATP molecules are produced in the TCA cycle for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
2
How many molecules of NADH are generated for each turn of the TCA cycle?
3
During glycolysis, a single 6-carbon molecule of glucose is converted to two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. During the later steps in this process, how many molecules of ATP are generated?
4
During the electron transport chain, ATP will be made from
ADP + Pi
The Calvin Cycle uses ______ and ______, produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis, to drive the fixation of carbon dioxide.
ATP and NADPH
True or false: An enzyme can only bind one substrate at a time.
False
True or false: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
False
Consider the biochemical pathway: A → B → C Enzyme 1 catalyzes A → B Enzyme 2 catalyzes B → C Enzyme 1 can use
Only A as a substrate
Which of the following is not a catabolic process?
Protein synthesis
At the beginning of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is attached to ______.
RuBP
