Chapter 6: Memory

Paulo was robbed at gunpoint by a group of strangers. Police officers later asked him to describe in writing what he had seen and heard during the robbery. Which measure of memory retention as being used?

recall

Remembering what the word summer means requires ________________ memory while remembering what you did on July 4th, 1996, requires _________________memory.

Semantic; episodic.

An inability to form semantic memories would most likely result from damage to which part of the brain?

Hippocampus

To remember that a wagon, a baseball, and a doll were items on her Christmas shopping list, Julia formed a vivid mental image of an oversize doll pulling a bright red wagon loaded with baseballs. Julia's strategy best illustrates the use of

a mnemonic device.

The encoding of information directly into long-term storage without the aid of working memory best illustrates

chunking

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

effortful processing.

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference.

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

retrieval cues

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Christopher cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Christopher's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

retroactive interference.

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

After Maya told her friend the five-digit password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's ________ memory.

short-term

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of _________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Katarina runs into an old friend at a party. She knows she should remember the friend's name, but regardless of how hard she tries, she cannot recall it. Katarina is experiencing

tip-of-the tongue phenomenon.

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual