chapter 6 motor learning

Identify the fluids found in the human eye. (

Aqueous humor Vitreous humor

the iris

Colored part of the eye

Identify the skill performance situation in which the temporal occlusion procedure is especially useful.

Deciding when to cross a busy street

The inner halves of each eye

Detect the nasal part of the visual field

The outer halves of each eye

Detect the temporal part of the visual field

Central vision

Detects information only in the middle 2 to 5 degrees of the visual field

Peripheral vision

Detects information outside the 2 to 5 degrees of foveal vision

The _____ are located in the skeletal muscle near the insertion of the tendons into the muscle.

Golgi-tendon organs

The optic disk

Here, the axons of the retina's neurons converge to transmit information to the optic nerve.

The fovea centralis

Here, the objects seen in central vision are focused and is therefore responsible for visual acuity.

Aqueous humor

It is a clear fluid that fills the chamber between the cornea and lens.

the cornea

It is a clear surface that allows light to enter the eye and serves as an important part of the eye's optical system.

the lens

It is a transparent structure that is responsible for allowing the eye to focus at various distances.

vitreous humor

It is a viscous substance that fills the chamber between the lens and the back wall of the eye.

the pupil

It is the opening that lets light into the eye, and its diameter increases and decreases according to the amount of light detected by the eye.

Identify the features of binocular vision.

It provides important information for correcting errors in limb movement. It helps in performing interceptive actions in skills such as hitting a moving ball.

Which of the following is true of proprioception?

Its influence on movement accuracy appears to be due to the specific kinematic and kinetic feedback provided by the proprioceptors to the CNS.

Which of the following is activated when an individual touches something and provides information related to pain, temperature, and movement to the CNS?

Mechanoreceptors

Which of the following is influenced by tactile feedback?

Movement-related characteristics such as movement accuracy and movement consistency

Identify the proprioceptors that lie within the fibers of most skeletal muscles.

Muscle spindles

Identify the coordination characteristics that are influenced by proprioceptive feedback.

Postural control Spatial-temporal coupling between limbs and limb segments

refers to one's sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position and movement.

Proprioception

Dorsal stream

Responsible for the spatial characteristics of what is seen as well as for guiding movement

_____ refers to the surgical removal of afferent neural pathways associated with movements of interest.

Surgical deafferentation

Which of the following provides a nonsurgical technique for investigating deafferented humans?

The observation of movement characteristics of people who have a sensory neuropathy involving a limb

Which of the following makes up 80 percent of the eye and helps maintain its shape and protect its inner structure?

The sclera

_____ is a procedure in which movement is observed while proprioceptive feedback is distorted rather than removed.

The tendon vibration technique

Cones

They are concentrated at the center, which gives them a critical role in central vision and visual acuity.

Rods

They are located more on the retina periphery and, therefore, are important for peripheral vision.

_____ is specified according to the relative rate of change of the size of the image of the object on the retina of the eye.

Time to contact

_____, which conduct nerve impulses very rapidly, are the primary sensory receptors in the muscle spindle.

Type Ia axons

Ventral stream

Used for fine analysis of the visual scene into form, color, and features

Proprioceptors are sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints that pick up information about _____.

body and limb position and changes in position

A feature of surgical deafferentation is that it _____.

can be used to investigate the role of proprioception in the control of movement

In the human eye, the lens is held in place by zonular fibers and its shape is controlled by the _____.

ciliary muscles

The optic nerve, which serves as the means of information transmission from the eye to the brain, is also known as

cranial nerve II

A common feature of movement accuracy and movement consistency is that they _____.

decrease when tactile information is not available

Research shows that although people can reach and pick up objects when the use of only one eye is available, the accuracy and efficiency of the movement decrease as the distance to the object increases. Such research supports the view that binocular vision is important for _____.

depth perception

A feature of mechanoreceptors is that they _____.

detect skin stretch and joint movement

The tendon vibration technique leads to a distortion of proprioceptive feedback because the vibration _____.

distorts muscle spindle firing patterns

In the context of investigating the role of vision in motor control, parts of each frame of film or video are masked so that an observer cannot see selected parts of the action in the _____.

event occlusion procedure

To identify the specific visual information a person uses to make a required response, researchers use the _____.

event occlusion procedure

In the human eye, the sclera is an attachment site for the _____.

extrinsic eye muscles responsible for eye movement

The _____ are controlled by muscles which have the greatest number of muscle spindles, allowing these body parts to be controlled with great precision.

eyes, hands, and neck

True or false: In the context of the two visual systems identified by Goodale and Milner, a person is generally consciously aware of information detected by the dorsal stream, but not of that detected by the ventral stream.

false

As mechanoreceptors, the joint receptors respond to changes in _____.

force and rotation applied to a joint and changes in joint movement angle

Central vision is also known as _____ vision.

foveal

In the context of time to contact, as an individual approaches an object, or vice versa, the object produces an increasingly larger retinal image, and the action required by the situation is triggered when the _____.

image attains a certain critical rate of expansion

A feature of proprioception is that _____.

it provides feedback about limb velocity and force

Several types of proprioceptors are located in the joint capsule and ligaments. These receptors are collectively referred to as _____.

joint receptors

Proprioception is sensory information transmitted to the central nervous system about _____.

movement characteristics such as direction, location in space, velocity, and muscle activation

Type Ia axons wrap around the middle region of intrafusal muscle fibers and detect changes in _____.

muscle length and velocity

An experiment conducted by Blouin et al. comparing a sensory neuropathy patient with normal participants on a pointing task involving an arm movinga pointer showed that, without visual feedback, a deafferented patient was _____.

not able to reproduce movement accurately to a specific location in space

The optic nerves from the two eyes meet near the base of the brain and form the _____.

optic chiasm

The _____ is formed by axons of neurons in the retina called ganglion cells.

optic nerve

One of the most important sources of information available to peripheral vision for controlling actions is _____.

optical flow

The moving pattern of rays of light that strikes the retina of the eye from all parts of the environment is referred to as _____.

optical flow

Coordination of the eyes and feet while playing football is an example of _____.

perception-action coupling

When the visual perception of an object and the limb movement required to achieve an action goal are "coupled," or coordinated, in a way that enables people to perform eye-hand and eye-foot coordination skills, _____ is said to occur.

perception-action coupling

The central nervous system receives proprioceptive information from afferent neural pathways that begin in sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints known as

proprioceptors

The _____ is a structure that lines the back wall of the eye and is an extension of the brain.

retina

The retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells, which play important roles in vision, called

rods and cones

In the context of time to contact, David Lee showed that _____ can be quantified mathematically by relating object size, the distance of the object from a person, and the angle subtended at the person by the object size and distance.

tau

In the early 1970s, David Lee (1974) provided evidence that time to contact is specified by an optical variable, which he termed _____.

tau

The _____ allows an investigation of the amount of time a person requires to visually detect the environmental context information he or she uses to perform a skill.

temporal occlusion procedure

True or false: Proprioception, together with tactile information, functions to provide essential information to the CNS to enable a person to control upright stance posture in body sway situations.

true

The Golgi-tendon organs (GTOs) consist of axons that detect changes in muscle tension, or force. These axons are called _____.

type Ib sensory axons

The term _____ refers to the image or scene being viewed by the eyes.

visual field

The optic nerve fibers that form the optic chiasm either continue to the same side of the brain or cross over to the opposite side of the brain and continue to the visual cortex at the back of the brain's cortex. This depends on the _____.

visual field on the retina from which the fibers originate