Chapter 6, psych 1101

conditioned stimulus

. the neutral stimulus became the ______, a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

live, verbal, symbolic

Bandura identified three kinds of models:

higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

Tiger will learn to get excited when she hears the "squeak" of the cabinet. Pairing a new neutral stimulus ("squeak") with the conditioned stimulus ("zzhzhz") is called ______. . This means you are using the conditioned stimulus of the can opener to condition another stimulus: the squeaky cabinet.

watson

argued that in order for psychology to become a legitimate science, it must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because mental processes cannot be seen or measured. Instead, he asserted that psychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured.

law of effect

behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated

skinner

believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: the reinforcements and punishments. His idea that learning is the result of consequences is based on the law of effect, which was first proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike.

associative learning

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. is central to all three basic learning processes.

Habituation

occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. Ex: getting used to hearing noise when focusing

acquisition

the initial period of learning is known as ______, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. when you begin to connect the neutral stimulus (the sound of the truck) and the unconditioned stimulus (the taste of the chocolate ice cream in your mouth)

spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period (unconditioned response happens after a long rest of time)

vicarious reinforcement

If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her.

unconditioned stimulus (US)

In Pavlov's experiments, the dogs salivated each time meat powder was presented to them. The meat powder in this situation was an

neutral stimulus (NS)

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov would sound a tone (like ringing a bell) and then give the dogs the meat powder. The tone was the _____. a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.

partial reinforcement effect

also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior

reflexes

are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

vicarious punishment

if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy her.

Instincts

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons (involve movement like sexual interaction and migration)

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it. Finding your way to school without dad's help.

observational learning

the process of watching others and then imitating what they do. A lot of learning among humans and other animals comes from this type of learning.

bandura

proposed a brand of behaviorism called social learning theory, which took cognitive processes into account. pure behaviorism could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. He felt that internal mental states must also have a role in learning and that observational learning involves much more than imitation.

volume ratio

Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., after 1, 4, 5, and 9 responses). High and steady response rate. Gambling. most powerful partial reinforcement schedule

positive punishment

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. (parents yelling at karla to get her to stop using electronics or take a shower)

positive reinforcement

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Giving karla money when she gives mammy a foot massage

negative punishment

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. (karla getting getting electronics taken away for talking back. Luis gets time out for hitting karla)

negative reinforcement

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior (cars beeping when you don't put on your seatbelt)

unlearned behaviors

Things we know how to do when we're born. Both instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors that organisms are born with. Both help an organism adapt to an environment

Conditioned and unconditioned response

Through his experiments, Pavlov realized that an organism has two types of responses to its environment

learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. involves acquiring knowledge and skills through experience.

taste aversion

a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness). Ex: getting stomach ache w mexican cheese and never eating mexican cheese again bc you feel sick)

primary reinforcer

are reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers. Pleasure. Organisms do not lose their drive for these things.

symbolic model

can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources

tolman's experiments with rats demonstrated that organisms

can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement

verbal instructional model

does not perform the behavior, but instead explains or describes the behavior

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer. Praise, linked to affection

classical conditioning

organisms learn to associate events or Stimuli that repeatedly happen together.

operant conditioning

organisms learn to associate events, a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment). A pleasant consequence encourages more of that behavior in the future, whereas a punishment deters the behavior. Shock collars.

extinction

the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

conscious and unconscious processes

Any complex learning process requires a complex interaction of

conditioned response (CR)

Eventually, the dogs began to salivate to the tone alone, just as they previously had salivated at the sound of the assistants' footsteps. The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called

fixed ratio

Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (e.g., after 2, 4, 6, and 8 responses). Results in High response rate with pauses after reinforcement. Piecework—factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured. Trying to sell a bunch of things to get rewarded.

fixed interval

Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (e.g., after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes).results in Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement. A Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-timed pain relief. Least productive.

Variable interval

Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (e.g., after 5, 7, 10, and 20 minutes). Results in a Moderate yet steady response rate. Checking Facebook. Keeping restaurant clean for unpredictable check ups so you can get paid bonuses.

unconditioned response

The dogs' salivation was an

models

The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called

stimulus discrimination

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _______. In classical conditioning terms, the organism demonstrates the conditioned response only to the conditioned stimulus.

continuous reinforcement

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior. This reinforcement schedule is the quickest way to teach someone a behavior, and it is especially effective in training a new behavior.

live model

demonstrates a behavior in person.

shaping

we reward successive approximations of a target behavior. Ex: First, luis cleans up one toy. Second, he cleans up five toys. Third, he chooses whether to pick up ten toys or put his books and clothes away. Fourth, he cleans up everything except two toys. Finally, he cleans his entire room.

stimulus generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is called __________, the opposite of stimulus discrimination. Confusing the sound of an electric can opener with a mixer