chapter 6 psych quiz

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

Case study

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kolhberg

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

The concept conservation refers to ________.

A knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environmental and culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity v despair

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust v. mistrust

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote