Chapter 6- Socioemotional Development In Infancy
At what age do babies have a 'sense of self' and how is it tested?
18 months of age
Effortful control
Ability to focus, shift, and sustain attention when desired, and inhibit responses; emphasizes a cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.
Trust vs Mistrust
According to Erikson, the first year is characterized by trust-versus-mistrust and can arise at successive stages of development (a sense of mistrust can be activated at a later stage)
temperament
Early, genetically based (50-60%) but environmentally influenced individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. Serve as the building blocks of later personality
Thomas & Chess
Easy temperament Difficult temperament Slow-to-warm-up temperament
Harlow on Attachment
Harry Harlow Harry Harlow's studies suggest that a social bond is more important than food and physical presence He identified the importance of 'contact comfort': pleasurable, tactile sensation provided by a soft, cuddly parent.• Monkeys reared in isolation: bizarre behaviors (compulsive rocking, clutching, self-mutilation); fearful of other monkeys, then aggressive, unable to socialize. The longer the isolation, the more severe the symptoms. Raised with cloth 'surrogate' monkeys: more timid, unable to socialize, took refuge when frightened, more likely to explore difficulty mating, inadequate mother
3 Theories of Temperament
Mary Rothbart
How do mothers and fathers differ in their interactions with their children?
Researchers repeatedly find that fathers and mothers are similar in caring for infants Able to feed their babies effectively- Provide sensitive parenting Become objects of attachment There are some differences in the way mothers and fathers interact with children
Surgency/extraversion
Tendency to actively, confidently, and energetically approach new experiences in emotionally positive way
Negative affectivity
Tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable
Erikson's 2nd stage
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Jerome Kagan
behaviorally inhibited, uninhibited
Paul Bates
developed the 7 key assumptions of life-span perspective
separation protest
distressed crying when the caregiver leaves. Appears at 7-8 months, peaks at 15 months, then subsides
stranger anxiety
fear and wariness of strangers appear during the second half of the first year of life; and peak toward the end of the first year. The most frequent expression of fear in infancy; more intense in unfamiliar settings
social smile
in response to an external stimulus, as early as 2 months of age
what are primary emotions?
present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life (the first 6 months). Include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
social referencing
reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
reflexive smile
smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli, appears during the first month after birth
Mary Rothbart
surgency/extraversion, negative affectivity, effortful control
goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
Erik Erikson
trust vs mistrust