Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

Culture

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?

Discomfort Fear Frustration Sadness

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of __________

crying.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _______________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.

direct; indirect

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an...

emotion.

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward

emotional reactivity.

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions.

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

According to the ______, development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment.

epigenetic view

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of

extraversion/surgency.

Baby Farooq enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy, but he has trouble self-soothing. His temperament could be described as

extraverted, with low effortful control.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness to fit.

Parents manage or guide infant behavior in an attempt to

help reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors.

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high-quality

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to

higher levels of parental sensitivity higher parental involvement higher levels of parental responsiveness

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as

introverted with high effortful control.

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves

marital satisfaction between parents effective parenting

What are biological influences relating to emotion?

maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the brain stem development of the hippocampus

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which factors?

mother-infant attachment the brain hormones

When classifying a child's temperament, it is best to think of it as

multidimensional

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.

negative

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ____________________________________includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

negative affectivity

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality.

What has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

poor-quality child care

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

Which regions of the brain is likely related to mother-infant attachment?

prefrontal cortex amygdala hypothalamus

Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

reciprocal synchronous

Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of

reciprocal socialization.

Self-_____________ involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.

resistant

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and

role.

An important form of reciprocal socialization is ____________ in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called...

separation protest.

What is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

slow-to-warm-up

Child care in the United States is most likely to come from

small private homes nonprofit centers with churches large child-care centers

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament.

According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by

the interchange between genes and the environment.

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

According to research, which of the following happens between couples as they transition into parenthood?

Fathers do less than their partners anticipated.

A study of 2- and 3-year-olds found an increase in the number of child-care arrangements for a child was linked to

behavioral problems decreased prosocial behavior

Emotions are influenced by...

biological foundations, cognitive processes, and a person's experiences.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

waiting longer to express anger ability to distract oneself

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be UNLIKELY to experience?

Guilt

What are some cultural influences on emotional development?

- Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. - Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. - East Asian infants display less frequent and less intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

- communication with others - behavioral organization

What are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?

- disengagement - suppression

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.

15

In the United States, approximately ______ of children 5 years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement.

15%

What type of infant cry is a variation of the basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?

Anger cry

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

Cognitive processes

In what ways do parents appropriately manage and guide infants' behavior to reduce or eliminate undesirable behaviors?

Being proactive and childproofing the environment Engaging in corrective measures

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

___________________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

FALSE: Europe has led the way in creating a new standard of parental leave, whereas the United States currently allows workers to take only unpaid leave.

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. What is his attachment style?

He is an insecure resistant baby.

When does stranger anxiety appear and disappear?

It appears at about 6 months of age, intensifies at 9 months, reaches its peak toward the end of the first year, and then decreases thereafter.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

What has been shown to be an outcome of parenting?

Most parents enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.

What are the three recognized types of infant cries?

The anger cry The pain cry The basic cry

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions.

An example of emotional regulation is

Rocking an infant to sleep. the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

___________refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?

Social referencing

What is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

Social relationships.

The two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents are...

Smiles Cries

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Temperament

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

Personality in infants is thought to involve

a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment