Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

-4-year-old Sam, who feels shame -7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

-Communication with others -Behavioral organization

Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)

-It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. -It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

Which of the following are characteristic of an infant's pain cry?

-Lack of preliminary moaning -Breath holding

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

-Low intensity of mood -Low activity level -Somewhat negative affect

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

-Pride -Empathy

Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

-The characteristic of the stranger -The social context

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.

15

Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true?

By rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

False Reason: Europe has led the way in creating a new standard of parental leave, whereas the United States currently allows workers to take only unpaid leave.

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Temperament

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n)

difficult

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ____ child.

easy

Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?

environmental quality

In which of the following situations is an infant LEAST likely to experience stranger anxiety?

if the stranger is another child

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as

reactivity

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

A ____ (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ____ (reflexive/social) smile does.

reflexive; social

The term ____ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ____

emotion/feeling

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?

emotional reactivity

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality/ traits

____ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.

True

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True Reason: Parents' behaviors influence children, children's behaviors influence parents, and couples' behavior influences children.

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True Reason: Trust, the development of the sense of self, and progress toward independence are central to personality development during infancy.

Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant

attachment

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.

avoidant

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.

negative

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

-Dopamine -Oxytocin

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

-Easy -Difficult -Slow-to-warm-up

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

-Erikson -Freud -Bowlby

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?

-Effective parenting -Marital satisfaction between parents

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?

-Higher parental involvement -Higher levels of parental sensitivity -Higher levels of parental responsiveness