chapter 6 test
decline/contracting stage of population change
(germany) very low birth rate, low death rate. pentagon.
indications of health of people in population
life expectancy and infant mortality rate
worlds current doubling time
61 years
what is the rule of 70
70 = rate (%) * doubling time. Used to determine the time at it takes for a species population to double (if given the rate of growth) or the rate of growth (if given the time it takes for a species population to double).
crude birth rate and crude death rate
live births per 1000 people and deaths per 1000 people. both in a given year.
failing states
countries where the national governments can no longer ensure the personal security of most of their people, mostly because they have lost control over all or most of their country's territory. (basic needs not met...usually leads to civil war)
why demographers have wide range of future pop guesses
current pop estimates aren't super reliable especially in less developed countries. demographers make assumptions about fertility. diff organizations predict and make diff data.
mortality
death rate
what country has 2nd largest population
india
stage 3 of demographic transition
industrial- birth and death rates low. grows slowly. has good health and education. population increase in country following this stage
stable age structure
italy, greece more young than old, doesn't fluctuate much. isoceles triangle with curves.
how has live expectancy, women working, high school grads, etc changed in last century? why is this important
its all increased by a large amount (especially toilets, women working, electricity). these allow for less death and more birth due to higher quality of living and easier, healthier life.
3 countries with largest pop of people over 65. is this a problem. why.
japan, italy, greece, germany. causes labor shortage, pension costs for government, etc.
6 lifestyle changes in usa that lead to rise in per capita resource use
life expectancy married women working out of home high school grads homes with flush toilets homes with electricity people living in suburbs hourly job wage homicides per 100,000 people
birth rate
the number of live births per thousand of population per year.
family planning
the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control.
stage 2 of demographic transition
transitional- high birth rate and low death rate. grows rapidly. population increase in country following this stage
what high infant mortality rate suggests
undernutrition, malnutrition, high rate of disease
what country has 3rd largest population
usa
expanding slowly age structure
usa, australia, china basically a rapid expanding structure except less of a sharp, equilateral triangle. its more of an isoceles triangle lol
japan's growth rate
v slow many old little young. used to be sharp triangle, but not anymore.
Japan population situation
Most elders in the world and least youth in world. Will have population shrink.
2020 we must immigrate many to balance baby boom babies over 65. explain why.
Must have 10.8 million immigrants yearly to have worked supply. This would also create a huge population increase.
age structure
Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.
problems with rapid population decline
Threatens economic growth Labor shortages Less government revenues revenues with less workers Less entrepreneurship Less tech development More deficits from retirement plans Pensions getting cut
constrictive age structure
They are characterized by their rectangular shape, displaying somewhat equal percentages across age cohorts that taper off toward the top. better developed countries
replacement level fertility
the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size
how has replacement fertility rate and total fertility rate changed
tfr has dropped over time.
9 factors that affect birth and fertility rates
-importance of children as part of labor force -cost of raising and educating children -availability of pension systems (retirement plans) -infant deaths -urbanization (less kids than rural) -education/job opportunities for women (less tfr) -avg age of marriage (or age when having first kid) (less kids if avg age is older) -availability of legal abortion and availability of birth control -religious belief, traditions, norms (more kids bc opposition to abortion)
how is number of environmental refugees growing and why
1 million are added to the number of environmental refugees annually as climate change causes worsening conditions like drought and floods.
3 steps to slow population growth
1. Reduce poverty by improving economy and education 2. Elevate status of women 3. Family planning and reproductive health care
world's current growth rate
1.14%
how many people in prime reproductive years by 2015. why is this a problem. how will this affect future of planet.
1.8 billion. Population increase will happen due to less deaths from so many elders, will hurt economy and have less workers.
how many could read or write in 1907
1/5
possible population of 2079
15 billion
how much will global senior citizen pop rise by 2050
3 times
how much of pop growth from migration
36%
2 problems despite success with family planning
42% of pregnancies in less developed countries are unplanned and 26% end in abortion. 201 million couples in said countries lack access to family planning even though they want its benefits
how many cars in usa in 1907
9,000
estimated population for 2050
9.5 billion
how much growth in usa is due to immigration
900,000, 1/3 of total growth in 2010, due to immigration.
infant mortality rate
A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.
environmental refugee
A person who has been displaced by rising seas, destructive storms, expanding deserts, water shortages, or high levels of toxic pollutants.
survivorship curve
Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.
exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
ipat model
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology determines cultural carrying capacity
population change
Increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration).
biotic potential
Maximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth.
how does aids affect age structures. africa?
Takes away young adults from population. Causes drop in life expectancy, loss of young adult workers. 15-20% of young adult africans and have hiv, and they will lose a fifth of their population and have many orphans.
total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Impact of one child plan in china
The greying of china.
population explosion
The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
a condition for individual countries when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration
thailand pop control plan
a success. it had one of the fastest population growth rates, and contraceptives were provided and family planning offered. fertility rates went down and citizens of the country supported the help.
how has baby boom influenced world population
added 79 million to america population. after WWII. 36% of adult americans are baby boom generation, so they have influenced the economy much. a bulge in the us age structure. 2011 marked when first baby boomers turned 65. called "the greying of america." in 2030 they will be 1 in 5 americans.
what will happen to senior citizens by 2050. is this a problem.
an increase of them leads to less labor working citizens, government costs for retirement plans, less tech development.
late expanding stage of population change
birth rate falls, death rate falls slower, decrease from the rapid growth of population. half circle.
3 ways population changes
birth, death, migration
demographic transition
change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. Because of industrialization and economic development.
what country has largest population
china (one in five human beings)
how reduction of poverty and empowering women help slow pop growth.
educating women teaches them about fertility, less poverty could lead to access to contraceptives, women who get educations and work tend to have less kids.
3 leading cause of death in usa in 1907
pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea.
what does all stuff abt 1907 tell u
everything was on a smaller scale/there was less people/life was harder especially compared to today's tech.
how is usa growing
exponentially. 139 years for 100 million to add, then 52 years, then 39 years, baby boom added 79 million. tfr has slowed so rate of growth has declined
examples of limiting factors
food, water, space, weather, predation
declining age structure
germany, bulgaria, russia more on top than on bottom. more like an oval, a good amount of people above 45 or 50, which indicates low mortality rates.
logistic growth
growth pattern in which a population's growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth
expanding rapidly age structure
guatemala, nigeria, saudi arabia large % of pop younger than 15 (also impactful for future)
high stationary stage of population change
high birth and death rate, slow increase. sharp triangle
early expanding stage of population change
high birth rate, rapidly falling death rate, rapid increase. less sharp triangle.
3 factors that account for rapid population growth in past 200 years.
humans being able to expand to much of the planet. modern agriculture allows more food per farming area. death rates down bc better sanitation and healthcare. pop growth mainly from lower deaths not higher births.
why are there more boys than girls
in china, people get abortions if their baby will be born female as males don't run and marry off like women would. female families pay expensive dowries for weddings. naturally 105 boys born for every 100 since they have a lower life expectancy.
why usa has lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate than other more developed countries?
inadequate health care for poor woman drug addiction among pregnant high birth rate among teens (in world!)
immigration reform and control act of 1986
it increased immigration as illegal immigrants could get citizenship to illegals that showed they had lived in the country for five years prior. created large increase in immigration.
how family planning stabilizes population
it reduces unwanted births and regulates amount of kids per family with access to education on fertility and contraceptives.
why are age structure pyramids important in determining future populations?
it shows the future reproductive aged people, like the amount of young females that will in a few decades be ready to reproduce and increase the population.
reasons for migration
job and economic improvement mainly, but also ethnic conflict, religious persecution, war, political oppression, environmental degradation.
expansive age structure
larger percentage of the population in the younger age cohorts, usually with each age cohort smaller in size than the one below it. sharp triangle, less developed countries.
low stationary stage of population change
low birth and death rate. stable or has slow increase. oval with curves at bottom.
immigration
movement of individuals into a population (intake)
emigration
movement of individuals out of an area (exit)
migration
movement of people into specific geographic areas.
demographer
one who studies the characteristics of populations and analyzes data such as numbers, births, deaths, diseases, and other vital statistics. predict future populations and pop rates.
why is pop growth unevenly distributed?
only 1% in developed countries, other portion in less developed countries
stage 4 of demographic transition
postindustrial- birth rates equal to death rates, then falls below death rates. growth levels off and then declines. population decrease in country following this stage
factors that hinder lesser developed countries from demographic transition
poverty, rapid pop growth, environmental degradation, short ages of workers, bad financial capital, large foreign debt, less economic assistance being received.
stage 1 of demographic transition
preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high. grows slowly. population increase in country following this stage.
4 stages of demographic transition
preindustrial, transitional, industrial, postindustrial
levels of age structure
prereproductive= ages 0-14 reproductive= ages 15-44 postreproductive= ages 45+
how china has slowed their population growth
promoting one child families, providing contraceptives and abortions, and by giving benefits to families who pledge to have one kid.
intrinsic rate of increase
rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources.
8 ways we have used tech to alter nature to meet our needs.
reducing biodiversity increase use of net primary productivity increase genetic resistance in pest species and disease causing bacteria eliminate natural predators introduce harmful species into natural communities use renewable resources faster than they can replenish disrupt natural chemical cycling and energy flow rely on polluting fossil fuels
k-strategist
reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice).
r-strategist
reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants).
demographic momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. aka, the population of female children will soon be the population of reproducing females in a few decades.
which pop control plan worked. why.
thailand as it successfully made contraceptives widely available for many. india's population is still skyrocketing and many are poor, and in china some people have kids behind the government's back. also, many wanted sons to carry on family name and resisted the plan.
child mortality rates
the annual number of deaths among children under age 5 per 1,000 live births. contaminated water is large cause of this
fertility rate
the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country
baby boom
the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II
cultural carrying capacity
the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations.
india pop control plan
they started national family planning in 1952 but went from 400 million to 1.2 billion lmao thats rough india has many young people that will soon reproduce and create more rapid growth. will be most populated country in world soon. many not employed and destitute, a good chunk in good middle class
kenya fertility rate
thought it would decline, thought pop would be 44 mil in 2002. it rose actually.
