chapter 7

Demetrius, a 10-year-old, is taking the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test. If he consistently answers questions correctly at the level of a 12-year-old, then according to Wilhelm Stern's original scoring method, Demetrius's intelligence quotient is

120.

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to

a mental set.

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ________.

divergent thinking

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Charles Spearman viewed intelligence as having one underlying factor, which he called which kind of intelligence?

general

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal