Chapter 7

Which of the following statements is not true about PEM fuel cells? a. PEM fuel cells rely on inexpensive catalysts b. PEM fuel cells are cleaner than gasoline powered vehicles c. PEM fuel cells have safe and efficient fuel storage d. PEM fuel cells have limited driving range

a. PEM fuel cells rely on inexpensive catalysts

Which type of widely used battery is not rechargeable? a. Zinc-manganese alkaline b. Lithium-ion c Lead-acid (storage batteries) d. Nickel-cadmium (NiCad)

a. Zinc-manganese alkaline

Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in a. a galvanic cell b. an electrical power plant c. an electrolytic cell d. an automobile's engine

a. a galvanic cell

Which is not a component of a fuel cell? a. a timer b. an anode c. a cathode d. an electrolyte

a. a timer

Whenever a substance is oxidized, a. it is called the oxidizing agent b. some other substance must be reduced c. it gains electrons d. hydronium ions are produced

b. some other substance must be reduced

A major advantage of a fuel cell over a standard battery is that a. as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not run down like a battery will. b. a fuel cell generates electricity without the need for an oxidation-reduction reaction c. a fuel cell is 100 percent efficient at generating electricity, whereas a battery is less than 1 percent efficient d. as it generates electricity, a fuel cell produces more fuel than it uses

a. as long as oxygen and fuel are supplied, a fuel cell will not run down like a battery will

How do the interactions that are broken in water when it is boiled compare with those broken when water is electrolyzed? a. boiling water breaks intermolecular attractions and electrolysis breaks covalent bonds b. boiling water breaks covalent bonds and electrolysis breaks intermolecular attractions c. boiling water and electrolysis of water break covalent bonds d. boiling water and electrolysis of water break intermolecular forces

a. boiling water breaks intermolecular attractions and electrolysis breaks covalent bonds

In general, a modern hybrid vehicle is less polluting than a standard vehicle because it runs on both a a. gasoline engine and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery b. gasoline engine and a fuel cell c. fuel cell and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery d. gasoline engine and a cleaner diesel engine

a. gasoline engine and an electric motor run by a rechargeable battery

Which has not been suggested as a reasonably practical way to store large amounts of hydrogen in relatively small spaces for its use as fuel? a. liquefy hydrogen under pressure and store. it much as we do with liquefied natural gas today b. absorb hydrogen onto activated charcoal; then heat the mixture to release the hydrogen c. store it in the form of ionic metal hydrides, such as LiH, which release hydrogen gas when they react with water d. encapsulate hydrogen molecules in fullerene molecules (large, carbon-based molecules that can act like cages) that may be heated later to release the hydrogen

a. liquefy hydrogen under pressure and store it much as we do with liquefied natural gas today

Batteries are still preferred over supercapacitors for portable electronic applications. What factor(s) give rise to this preference? a. supercapacitors have low energy densities b. supercapacitors are charged much more quickly than batteries c. supercapacitors have virtually unlimited cycle lives d. all of these choices are correct

a. super capacitors have low energy densities

In an electrochemical cell, the anode is a. the electrode at which oxidation takes place b. the material used to connect the two half cells to each other c. always used up before the cathode d. never a metal

a. the electrode at which oxidation takes place

What is the primary determinant of the voltage developed by a battery? a. the nature of the material in the reaction b. the age of the battery c. the overall size of the galvanic cells d. the size of the electrodes

a. the nature of the materials in the reaction

A fuel cell does not run down like a standard battery because a. the reactants in a battery must be stored inside the battery, whereas the reactants for a fuel cell flow in as needed b. a fuel cell continually recycles the same electrons, whereas a battery must continually generate new ones c. a battery is completely dependent upon oxidation-reduction reactions, whereas a fuel cell depends on acid-base reactions d. a battery has many moving parts, whereas a fuel cell has none

a. the reactants in a battery must be stored inside the battery, whereas the reactants for a fuel cell flow in as needed

Consider Ohm's Law. Which of the following are correct? a. voltage is proportional to current b. voltage is inversely proportional to current c. current and resistance are proportional to each other d. all of these choices are correct

a. voltage is proportional to current

For the compound FeCl3, what is the oxidation state of Fe? a. 2+ b. 3+ c. 4+ d. mixture between 2+ and 3+

b. 3+

Which is an oxidation half-reaction? a. 2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O b. Zn -> Zn2+ + 2 e- c. 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 -> 2H2O + BaCl2 d. Cl2 + 2e- -> 2 Cl-

b. Zn -> Zn2+ 2e-

For safety and other practical reasons, the most logical use for hydrogen as a fuel in the near future is a. in an electric power plant b. in a fuel cll c. for running an automobile d. for nuclear fusion

b. in a fuel cell

Which type of battery is best for use in heart (cardiac) pacemakers? a. alkaline b. lithium-iodine c. mercury d. nickel-cadmium

b. lithium-iodine

Very small mercury batteries have been made and used in a multitude of applications. Why have they been replaced by other kinds of batteries for most applications? a. mercury has become far too expensive to use in batteries b. mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of c. these batteries cannot generate enough current for any modern devices d. though they may be made very small, they are far too heavy to use in most applications

b. mercury is poisonous and difficult to dispose of

In a fuel cell, a. there is oxidation, but no reduction b. reduction takes place at the cathode c. there is direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity d. a chemical reaction produces heat, which then produces electricity

b. reduction takes place at the cathode

Electrolysis is a process that a. produces an electrical current while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas b. requires an electrical current to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas c. produces heat energy while decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas d. requires heat energy to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas

b. requires an electrical current to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas

Why can the lead-acid batteries used in cars generate electricity for several years before running down? a. a lead-acid battery is so large that it holds large quantities of the chemicals whose electrochemical interaction creates the electricity b. the mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery c. these batteries are used only to generate the electricity that makes the first spark plug "spark." Therefore, they are hardly used at all when a car is started, and never when it is driven d. the electrons they generate, not the chemical components, provide almost all of the electricity

b. the mechanical motion of the engine drives an alternator that generates electricity to recharge the battery

What are the typical units for specific energy? a. mAh/g b. W/kg c. Wh/kg d. kWh

c. Wh/kg

How does using hydrogen as the fuel in an electric power plant compare with using hydrogen as the fuel in a fuel cell? a. H2 used as a fuel in a power plant must be more pure than the H2 used in a fuel cell b. burning H2 in a power plant produces many more pollutants than using H2 in a fuel cell c. a fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel d. using H2 in a fuel cell generates far more heat than burning it in a power plant

c. a fuel cell using hydrogen operates at a higher overall efficiency than would a power plant burning hydrogen as a fuel

At present, it will be difficult and perhaps inappropriate to develop an economy based on burning hydrogen rather than natural gas or gasoline because a. hydrogen is a dirty fuel. Burning hydrogen produces significantly more pollutants than burning natural gas or gasoline b. hydrogen is not an efficient fuel. Per gram, hydrogen has about the lowest heat of combustion of any known substance, much lower than natural gas or gasoline c. although hydrogen is abundant, pure hydrogen is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen is difficult or expensive to isolate and collect d. being such a light element, hydrogen will not flow through pipelines the way natural gas or gasoline do. Hydrogen cannot easily be delivered from where it is produced to the places it is needed

c. although hydrogen is abundant, pure hydrogen is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen is difficult or expensive to isolate and collect

As fuel cells become more widely accepted and are used more, we will a. become less dependent on electrical energy b. become more dependent on fossil fuels and less dependent on renewable resources for power generation c. be able to generate electricity in places where we cannot now do so d. use coal as our primary energy source

c. be able to generate electricity in places where we cannot now do so

The aluminum-air battery is being considered for use in automobiles. In this battery, aluminum metal undergoes oxidation to Al3+ ions and forms AL(OH)2. O2 from the air undergoes reduction to OH- ions. Which half-reaction occurs at the anode? a. formation of OH- ions from O2 b. capturing O2 from the air so that it may form the OH- ions c. formation of Al3+ ions from aluminum d. reaction of Al3+ ions with hydroxide ions to produce Al(OH)2

c. formation of Al3+ ions from aluminum

Why is it so expensive to ship hydrogen as a liquid as is often done with other gas? a. hydrogen is very heavy to ship b. hydrogen is very dense to ship c. hydrogen has to be shipped at a very low temperature d. hydrogen is very flammable

c. hydrogen has to be shipped at a very low temperature

Which is not a necessary consideration for a battery designed to run a cell phone or portable MP3 player? a. it must develop a useful level of electrochemical potential b. it must run for a reasonable amount of time c. it must use liquid, aqueous solutions d. it must be fairly light in weight

c. it must use liquid, aqueous solutions

Which type of battery is widely used to store the excess energy generated by windmill farms and solar panels? a. alkaline b. lithium ion c. lead acid d. nickel-metal hydride

c. lead acid

The current through a wire is most closely related to the a. energy of the electrons flowing through the wire b. type of electrons flowing through the wire c. rate of electron flow through a wire d. oxidation potential of the electrons flowing through the wire

c. rate of electron flow through a wire

Why doesn't water naturally become hydrogen and oxygen gas when exposed to light? a. thermal energy is the only appropriate type of energy to split water b. you must use electrons to split water c. water doesn't absorb the proper wavelength of light to split

c. water doesn't absorb the proper wavelength of light to split

Batteries must be used in addition to solar cells when generating household electricity because a. solar cells can generate electricity only via the output of a battery b. solar cells can generate only a small fraction of the total energy needed by a household at any one time c. solar cells generate so much electricity that they will overheat if they cannot transfer the excess electricity somewhere to dissipate the extra heat d. batteries must store and then supply the energy when sunlight is not available

d. batteries must store and then supply the energy when sunlight is not available

Reforming processes can store hydrogen fuel in a liquid form as another molecule. Which of the following cannot be reformed into hydrogen? a. methanol b. gasoline c. diesel d. carbon dioxide

d. carbon dioxide

Which is not an advantage of using a solid electrolyte in a fuel cell? a. it is impermeable to liquids and gases and will keep the fuel and oxidizer separated b. it cannot dry out and will allow the fuel cell to operate at higher temperatures than one that uses water as part of the proton transfer mechanism c. it may use various fuels other than hydrogen gas, the fuel of choice in systems using water as part of the proton transfer mechanism d. it eliminates the need for an oxidant; only a fuel is required

d. it eliminates the need for an oxidant; only a fuel is required

What is the purpose of the hot KOH solution in the fuel cell? a. it is the product of the reaction between the hydrogen, the oxygen, and the electrodes b. it keeps the electrodes conditioned and ready to work at high efficiency c. it is part of the acid-base reaction that generates the electricity in most fuel cells d. it maintains electroneutrality by working as an electrolyte; allowing transfer of ions between the half cells where the hydrogen and oxygen react

d. it maintains electroneutrality by working as an electrolyte; allowing transfer of ions between the half cells where the hydrogen and oxygen react

For the compound Fe3O4, what is the oxidation state of Fe? a. 2+ b. 3+ c. 4+ d. mixture between 2+ and 3+

d. mixture between 2+ and 3+

The Prius, a hybrid car produced by Toyota, uses a battery that its maker claims should not have to be recharged or replaced during the lifetime of the car. The type of battery used in the Prius is a. alkaline b. lead acid c. nickel-cadmium d. nickel-metal hydride

d. nickel-metal hydride

During the chemical reaction in an electrochemical cell, a. a substance is oxidized and gains electrons b. electrons travel from the cathode to the anode c. oxidation takes place alone, without an accompanying reduction d. oxidation occurs at the anode

d. oxidation occurs at the anode

Which of the following automotive energy storage devices would give rise to the fastest acceleration from zero to 60 mph? a. Li-ion rechargeable batteries b. fuel cells c. NiMH rechargeable batteries d. supercapacitors

d. supercapacitors

What condition must be met for a battery to be rechargeable? a. either its anode or its cathode must generate a gas as a result of the electrochemical reaction b. it must generate electricity via an acid-base reaction rather than via an oxidation-reduction reaction c. the battery must be open to the outside so that it can vent any internal pressure that builds up from gases within it d. the electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible

d. the electrochemical reaction of the battery must be reversible