chapter 7

associative learning.

1. Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates: the law of effect. spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. associative learning.

shaping

10. In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as: generalization. partial reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. shaping.

conditioned

11. If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. partial primary conditioned delayed

decreases; increases

12. Negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding. increases; decreases decreases; increases decreases; decreases has no effect on; has no effect on

fixed-ratio

13. Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

variable-interval

14. Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

observational learning.

15. If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates: operant conditioning. observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.

observable behavior.

2. John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: observable behavior. cognitive processes. genetic predispositions. all of these factors.

conditioned stimulus.

3. Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n) primary reinforcer. unconditional stimulus. immediate reinforcer. conditioned stimulus.

UR.

4. Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n): UR. US. CR. CS.

CS; US

5. Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____. CS; US UR; CS secondary reinforcer; operant behavior negative reinforcer; operant behavior

spontaneous recovery.

6. Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: latent learning. spontaneous recovery. delayed reinforcement. shaping.

generalization.

7. A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates: an unconditioned response. operant conditioning. latent learning. generalization.

cognitive

8. The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. biological behaviorist cognitive social-cultural

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

9. The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by: Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.