Chapter 7
to transform ordinary interactions into high quality connections, try:
1. making someone the only person in the room: engage the other person by being present, attentive, and affirming 2. support 3. gain trust 4. goof off
Breathing meditation can be done almost anywhere and can be beneficial if done for 5 minutes twice a day. Experts recommend that you get started by practicing diaphragm breathing. List the remaining steps in breathing meditation with the first step at the top.
1. sit comfortably in a chair, feet flat, and back erect 2. close your eyes and breathe deeply 3. add counting to four or five to your breaths in and out
positive experiences activate
a supportive orientation and lead us to be more responsive to positive information. this is part of the reason managers, and people more generally, seem receptive to new ideas when in a good mood
What term is also used to describe engagement?
being "in the zone"
ESG
environmental, social, and governance -ample evidence now exists showing that companies can be very profitable by considering the environment, communities, and employees in their decisions
Restorative justice, compassion, and temperance are global _____ that are essential to promoting positive organizational behaviors.
global values
Positive businesses do well and do good because they are profitable and they:
make the well-being of their stakeholders important believe supporting and developing employees is valuable in itself
upward spirals of positivity
positive behaviors, feelings, and attitudes that generate the same in others in a continually reinforcing process
A very cohesive sales team that achieved much higher sales than expected in a much shorter time period would be an example of:
positive deviance
According to Spreitzer and Cameron from the University of Michigan, notable performance that greatly goes beyond expectations in positive ways is:
positive deviance
positive emotions are
resources that fuel individual, group, and organizational flourishing
Positive relationships provide:
social companionship esteem support informational support
positive emotions tend to
broaden your mindset and allow you to consider new, different, and possibly better alternatives when trying to solve a problem
how to increase positive experiences and decrease negative ones:
create high-quality connections
positive OB focuses on
creating exceptionally positive inputs, processes, and outcomes at all levels in the organizing framework
Enhanced self-esteem, self-efficacy, and mastery are a result of pursuing:
achievement
Well-being is the combined impact of which of the following elements?
achievement positive emotions relationships
If you lose focus during breathing meditation and your mind begins to wander, what should you do?
acknowledge the thoughts entering your mind recognize the sounds around you return your focus to breathing
provide decision-making discretion
allowing employees to make decisions gives them a sense of control and greater opportunities for learning
Negative emotions include which of the following feelings?
fear anger sadness
provide feedback
feedback can be motivational and instructional
The components of virtuous leadership most frequently discussed in OB research include:
integrity trust focus on the greater good
Which of the following are part of PERMA?
meaning positive emotions engagement relationships achievement
When living systems seek the positive over the negative, it is an example of the:
positivity effect
flourishing
the extent to which our lives contain PERMA
virtuousness
what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very best
to flourish and experience the benefits of positive OB...
you must have three, five, or more positive experiences for every negative
social companionship
time spent with others in leisure and recreational activities
compassion
a shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering
forcing yourself to feel or act as if everything is great all the time is...
ABSURD. and would certainly undermine your effectiveness, health, and overall well-being. even the most positive person feels the intense emotional pain associated with experiences of loss and betrayal, and positive people get angry when they or others are treated unfairly
Which of the following statements are true about the business of mindfulness?
The popularity of mindfulness has grown rapidly. It has become a $1 billion business.
informational support
help defining, understanding, and coping with problems
examples of compassion include
holiday programs and community events provided by a business
By making your goals SMART and formulating effective action plans, you can build your level of ______, which will boost your goal commitment and success.
hope
to have ________, you need to have a goal and the determination to achieve it, and you need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve your goal, even when faced with adversity
hope
Belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self is:
meaningfulness
The sense of belonging to and serving something that you think is bigger than the self is known as
meaningfulness
minimize incivility
poor treatment, for example bullying and rude behavior, has dramatic negative effects on outcomes in the Organizing Framework and often leads to uncivil behavior by the victims. organizations need to select employees based on civility and take swift and appropriate action when incivility occurs
the concept that ________ practices escalate positive outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital is known as the amplifying effect.
positive
people are more likely to exhibit prosocial behavior when
positive OB is taking place in their work environments
Research about positive and negative experiences agrees that:
positive and negative experiences are not equals
positivity from person factors comes from
positive emotions, mindfulness, psychological capital and signature strengths
signature strengths
positive human traits that influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and provide a sense of fulfillment and meaning
amplifying effect
positive practices from one individual result in additional positive practices by others, which spur positivity in others, which generate other positive outcomes -is often conveyed via positive emotions and social capital (your relationships and network) -the idea is that positivity fuels positivity
broaden and build theory
proposes positive emotions broaden our attention and make us more open to experience
positivity effect
the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from negative energy, or toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting -organizations using positive practices are more likely to create an atmosphere of positive energy, which in turn fuels performance, such as financial, work climate, turnover, patient satisfaction, employee participation, and managerial support
intentions
the end point or goal you want to achieve; they drive your behavior
True or false: Empowering, supporting, and developing employees can help organizations meet shareholder expectations.
TRUE!
True or false: Flourishing employees experience less burnout and take fewer sick days.
TRUE!
According to research, when people lied less frequently over the course of ten weeks, what was the result?
Their physical and mental health improved.
Which of the following are positive effects of negative emotions?
They can make you improve. They can assist you in seeking the help of others.
More effective interpersonal effectiveness
Paying attention to others' emotions reduces conflict and lessens negativity when conflict does occur.
The continual, reinforcing process where your positive __________, feelings, and attitudes feed your own and those of others is known as an upward spiral of positivity.
behaviors
Which of the following describes mindfulness?
being nonjudgmentally aware of what is happening paying attention on purpose being in the present moment
hope
believing the future will be better than the present and that you have some power to make it happen
When organizations employ the positivity effect, what is often the result?
better performance
The study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace:
is positive organizational behavior
well-being (according to Seligman)
is the combined impact of five elements-positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA)
Key sets of practices that impact organizational climate are:
support programs human resources practices and policies training programs
organizational practices
support programs, training, HR practices/programs/policies
flow
the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake
virtuous leadership
trust, forgiveness, integrity, greater good
Which of the following practices should be implemented by managers?
understanding that being positive rubs off on others identifying and emphasizing existing positive practices advocating mindfulness training
Pursuing achievement for its own sake helps build which of the following characteristics?
feelings of self-efficacy feelings of competence feelings of mastery
a study published in the Harvard Business Review showed employees who flourish reported:
fewer sick days, 46 percent more job satisfaction, 32 percent more commitment to their employees, 125 percent less burnout, 16 percent higher overall performance
According to its definition, the buffering effect reduces the impact of which of the following?
events that are negative
Organizational climate is defined as employees' perceptions of
formal and informal organizational policies practices and procedures
How someone is able to bounce back from adversity and sustain oneself in the face of the demands of positive events is known as
resilience
To have hope you need to have:
a path to achieve the goal a goal and the determination to achieve it
Signature strengths are a subset of 24 character strengths, including which of the following?
gratitude honesty creativity
negative emotions can...
motivate you to try harder and improve, and they can also protect you against harmful situations and communicate to others your need for help or support
Positive emotions in a business setting can have a desirable impact on which of the following?
decision-making performance creativity
A study in the Harvard Business Review reported that flourishing employees exhibited:
decreases in burnout greater commitment to their employers better overall performance
businesses that are solving major problems profitably have these three things in common:
measurable social impact, business results, and degree of innovation
Global organizational values that are supported, endorsed, and shared by all that are essential for promoting positive organizational behavior include:
temperance compassion restorative justice
social support
the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships
buffering effect
the reduction of the impact of negative events and stressors through positive practices and resources -when we are confronted with stressors or otherwise undesirable experiences, we utilize various social and personal resources to buffer or cope with them
The benefits of positive emotions include:
they spread to others around you a broader perspective about overcoming challenges that they build on themselves
Less contemplation of current or past challenges
Reducing rumination helps alleviate the undesirable emotional impact it can cause.
Research shows that a focus on employee strengths can yield which of the following results?
Employees are more likely to feel engaged. The perception of quality of life is vastly improved. Productivity greatly increases.
True or false: Virtuous leaders place more focus on greater market share than on the greater good.
FALSE!!!!
hope development
Generate a work-related goal, develop multiple plans for achieving it, and ask for feedback from others.
optimism development
Identify negative expectations and possible impediments. Check to see if they're valid and check with others to challenge your assumptions.
resilience development
List your skills and talents and how they can be used to achieve your goal. Identify obstacles and how to avoid them.
Optimists view successes as due to their personal causes and negative events to temporary external ones because they are:
flexible and realistic
negative emotions spur you to act in
quite narrow or specific ways -fear may motivate you to flee and anger may motivate you to fight
positive organizations...
empower, support, and develop employees not just because leaders believe doing so is valuable in and of itself, but because it helps meet shareholder expectations
The extent to which you are physically, cognitively, and emotionally involved with an activity is:
engagement
In walking meditation, sending a signal to the mind to guide its attentiveness and awareness is:
forming an intention
share information
information helps employees see the impact of their work and how it fits into the big picture, like the vision and goals of the organization
Which of the following traits are promoted by virtuous leaders?
integrity trust respect
To reap the benefits of positivity, you must:
realize that insincere positivity can be harmful be sincere and authentic
When organizations and individuals aspire to be their very best it is known as _________ leadership
virtuous leadership
the benefits of mindfulness are
better retention, more effective interpersonal effectiveness, less contemplation of current or past challenges, increased focus
The idea that positive practices in organizations lessen the effect of stressors is the ______.
buffering effect
How can managers show their support for PERMA?
by displaying positive emotions in the workplace by providing social support when possible by encouraging creative approaches to achieving goals
The view of organizations as typified by a single-minded focus on winning share which of the following characteristics?
distrust burnout conflict
positive businesses...
do well and they do good -they do well by being profitable and performing at a high level -they do good by making the well-being of their employees and other stakeholders (suppliers, customers, and communities) a priority
Today, mindfulness is used to improve which of the following outcomes?
emotional physical cognitive
organizational climate
employees' shared perceptions of organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines
stakeholders
employees, customers, communities, and investors
For the benefits of positive organizational behavior to occur, you must have several ________ experiences for every _________ experience
positive; negative
steps to build positivity and personal success
set intentions, express gratitude to someone, do something helpful or positive for others, become more hopeful, focus on the positive side of life, be aware of negative thoughts and beliefs
positive outcomes are generated through three processes:
the amplifying effect, the buffering effect, and the positivity effect
forgiveness
the capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame, and instead adopt positive, forward-looking approaches in response to harm or damage
positive OB (organizational behavior)
the focus on positive human characteristics that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement -focuses on building positive qualities in and positive outcomes for individuals, groups, and organizations
How can employees contribute to a positive organizational climate?
by sticking to the values endorsed by their employer by being more virtuous
positive ________ are a strong contributor to our well-being that buffer us from stressors and enable us to get things done.
positive relationships
When organizations are defined by greed and secrecy, which of the following become central to employees?
profitability achievement uncertainty management
positive OB practices that foster employee positivity:
provide decision-making discretion, share information, minimize incivility, provide feedback
Today, mindfulness is used to improve which of the following outcomes?
cognitive physical emotional
organizational practices
the procedures, policies, practices, routines, and rules that organizations use to get things done
In what ways is the strength movement a significant change from past practices?
The focus is on employee successes rather than underperformance. Attention is paid to potential rather than deficiencies.
Match the element of positive psychological capital (PsyCap) in the left column with the correct explanation from the right.
1. hope=Persevering toward goals to succeed 2. efficacy=Having confidence to take on challenging tasks 3. resilience=Bouncing back after problems or adversity 4. optimism=Making a positive attribution about success now and in the future
True or false: Positive emotions build on themselves within you and spread to others.
TRUE!!!! :)
esteem support
reassurance that a person is accepted and respected despite any problems or inadequacies
The upward spiral of positivity means that:
your positive behaviors, attitudes, and feelings continually reinforce your own and those of others
Which of the following positive outcomes can occur with greater efficacy?
improved confidence enhanced positive outlook increased effectiveness
negative emotions are
limiting
What can result when your positivity lacks sincerity?
loss of credibility reduction of influence erosion of trust
the most frequently experienced positive emotion
love
Positive emotions in employees support which of the following?
lower stress levels organizational commitment
It is realistic to recognize that _________ emotions are also important because we sometimes experience loss, betrayal, or fear.
negative
Emotions that are _________ result in actions that are narrow and specific, while emotions that are ________ often widen someone's mindset.
negative; positive
Although some business leaders try to satisfy all groups of stakeholders, realistically how many groups are given a clear priority?
one
People who view their successes as due to their personal causes and negative events to temporary, external and situational ones are:
optimists
positive emotions are processes influencing many outcomes in the organizing framework, and they have desirable effects on:
organizational commitment, creativity, decision making, intentions to quit, performance, and stress
positivity from situation factors comes from
organizational culture and climate
why is it important to have many more positive experiences than negative experiences
our brains respond differently to positive and negative experiences
prosocial behaviors
positive acts performed without the expectation of anything in return
upward spirals of positivity
reinforcing cycles
positive deviance (defined by Spreitzer and Cameron)
successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction
increased focus
Improved decision making benefits one's job performance.
instrumental support
financial aid, material resources, or needed services
organizational values
compassion, temperance, restorative justice
Which of the following statements are true regarding efficacy?
-It influences how you deal with challenges and opportunities. -It plays an important role in positive psychological capital. -It impacts how you perceive the world.
positive emotions help you build resources in the form of:
-social relationships that are supporting, fulfilling, and lasting -psychological well-being that leads to personal growth, meaningful goals, and self-acceptance -physical well-being in the form of lower stress and a healthy start
positive organizational behavior involves:
-the study and application of positively oriented psychological capabilities -the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths
better retention
Improving working memory can be achieved through meditation.
negative experiences activate
a survival orientation and lead us to be more responsive to negative information. our brains will actually look harder for negative than for positive information during daily activities...this might help explain why managers tend to give more negative than positive feedback to employees
exceptionally positive means
above and beyond expectations, more than making the grade. this level of achievement is called positive deviance
The concept that positive practices escalate positive outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital is known as the:
amplifying effect
Which of the following describes the components of psychological capital?
can increase job satisfaction reduces anxiety and stress is flexible
efficacy development
Break larger goals into smaller subgoals, create plans, and seek feedback
temperance
a shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and provocation
Employees have greater commitment, performance, satisfaction, and are retained more often when they:
believe organizational practices support them
restorative justice
a shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders
positive outcomes across all levels of OB come from:
positivity from person factors AND positivity from situation factors
