Chapter 7

monogamous

refers to a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring

polygynous

refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring

habituate

refers to the process of animals becoming accustomed to human observers

Primate males engage in competition for access to females. This reproductive strategy has led to larger body size and canine size in males because of ______

sexual selection

Identify which of the following statements are true regarding observations of primate vocalizations.

1. Campbell's monkeys can use affixation to clarify their vocalization. 2. Chimpanzees can make variations of the same sound to reflect how much they want a specific type of food. 3. Baboons can perceive acoustic differences in calls.

Identify which of the following statements correctly describe Diana monkey vocalizations.

1. Diana monkeys make different vocalizations for different predators. 2. Their calls are similar to human words, at least from the listener's perspective. 3. Listeners treat vocalizations associated with one type of predator the same way that they treat sounds from that predator. 4. Diana monkeys alter their alarm calls based on the attack strategy of a predator.

Identify what primatologists Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth discovered during their study of vervet monkey vocalizations.

1. Females appear to know their infant's voice. 2. Responses to vocalizations provide insight into social cognitive abilities of primates.

Identify which of the following statements are true regarding infanticide.

1. Infanticide leads to the cessation of lactation and the resumption of ovulation in the mother, making her sexually receptive. 2. Infanticide occurs at the expense of the reproductive fitness of the original male.

Although most primates live in groups with some form of social interaction, there are a few solitary species of primates, such as orangutans and some strepsirhines. Identify the behaviors and characteristics of solitary primates.

1. Interactions between a male and female only occur for sexual activity. 2. Sexual dimorphism is high.

What are the six main types of primate resident patterns?

1. One male, multi female 2. One female, multi male 3. Multi male, multi female 4. All male 5. One male, one female 6. Solitary

Identify the statements that are true regarding the main theory of primate social behavior.

1. Primate social behavior is influenced by evolution. 2. Genes of individuals who engage in behaviors favored by natural selection are passed from one generation to the next.

Identify the statements that correctly describe primate vocalizations.

1. Primate vocalizations are a form of vocal communication. 2. All primates produce them. 3. Vocal systems are complex. 4. Selective pressures likely shaped the vocalizations of primates.

What are the 3 keys factors that contribute to a primates success at feeding?

1. Quality - foods providing energy and protein that are easy to digest 2. Distribution - location of food across the landscape. 3. Availability of Food - can be highly fluid, depending on season and rainfall.

Identify the ways in which primate societies are diverse:

1. Their societies are organized in complex ways. 2. Primates express themselves socially through various behaviors. 3. Primates form a range of long-term social relationships.

Name 3 ways Primate societies are diverse.

1. They Express themselves socially through a range of behaviors (touching, hugging, mouthing, lip smacking, greeting and grooming) 2. The primate societies are complexly organized (representing kinship, ranks, ages, and sexes) 3. They form various social relationships for the long term (for access to food or mates)

Identify the reasons why primates make loud calls.

1. encounters with predators 2. aggressive interactions with a rival group 3. an individual's separation from its group

Which of the following behaviors and attributes was Jane Goodall the first to document in chimpanzees?

1. enduring mother-infant bonds 2. high intelligence 3. tool use 4. meat-eating

Identify the reasons why primates are social.

1. for access to mates 2. for group defense against predators 3. to enhance survival 4. to promote longevity

Identify the variables that primatologists study when translating primate vocalizations

1. frequency 2. duration 3. amplitude

Match the behavior with the category to which it belongs: altruistic

1. grooming 2. food sharing 3. anti-predator warning calls

Match the behavior with the category to which it belongs: non-altruistic

1. infanticide 2. high-ranking individual having access to food first

Primatologists working to create and implement primate conservation efforts often work specifically in the field of ethnoprimatology. What might an anthropologist using an ethnoprimatological approach study?

1. the effects of deforestation on primate populations 2. folklore surrounding and involving primates 3. interactions between humans and primates in Balinese temples and shrines

On average, primates can spend more than ________ of their waking hours acquiring food.

50%

True or False: Primates who live with nonrelatives will engage in altruistic behaviors more often than primates who live with relatives.

False

What is the main reason for sociality among primates?

Group defense from predators

Which of the residence patterns shown below is the rarest among primates? Red designates female, and blue designates male.

One female, multi male

polyandrous

Refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female, several adult males, and their offspring.

How was Jane Goodall able to closely observe chimpanzee behaviors?

She habituated a group to her presence

True or False: Primates ideally acquire food with minimal energy investment by choosing clumped food patches that they can remain in for as long as possible.

True

After watching a documentary on ape intelligence, a student remarks that apes may be smart, but they lack the ability to use language. What would most likely be the professor's response?

While apes cannot produce spoken language, various apes have been successfully taught to use symbolic forms of communication, which demonstrates a basic ability to use language.

Among primate group members, energy requirements are highest for ___________

adult females with dependent offspring

What do primatologists need to have in order to understand what the primate communication data they collect means?

knowledge of both their vocalizations and their context

Objects that primates use to acquire food are examples of _______

material culture

________ have little dietary value for most primates because they are difficult to digest.

mature leaves

Some primate __________ may serve to mediate potentially aggressive social encounters.

quiet calls

altruistic

refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual

dominance

the ability to intimidate or defeat another individual in a pairwise or dyadic encounter

sexual selection

the frequency of traits that change due to those traits' attractiveness to members of the opposite sex

infanticide

the killing of a juvenile

Ethnoprimatology

the study of ecological and cultural interactions between humans and primates