Chapter 7

5C > (2 ATP > 2 ADP) > 6C *PGAL* > (4 ADP > 4 ATP & 2 NAD+ > 2NADH) > 6C *2 pyruvic acid* > electron transport chain

2 ATPs needed to start 4 ATPs produced net gain of 2 ATPs

the purpose of the Krebs cycle is to break up _ glucose molecules and get the ___ _____ ______ from them

2 high energy electrons

each NAD+ molecule can hole _ high energy electrons and then holds them until they can be transferred to another _______

2 molecule

_ NADH _ FADH2 & _ ATP are formed by one turn of the Krebs cycle. yet it takes _ turns of the Krebs cycle to process both _____ ____ that glycolysis produced. also _ NADH is produced when changing each pyruvic acid in to ____ acid before entering the Krebs cycle.

3 1 1 pyruvic acids 1 acetic

each NADH = _ ATPs each FADH2 = _ATPs net gain of ATPs from one glucose molecule is __

3 2 36

S3 of Krebs cycle: a _ carbon molecule looses _ carbon as Co2 another molecule of _____ is formed one molecule of ___ is formed

5 1 NADH ATP

S2 of Krebs cycle: a _ carbon citric acid looses _ carbon as Co2 to form a _ carbon compound one ____ is reduced (gains high energy electrons) to form NADH

6 1 5 NAD+

glycolysis quickly gives off energy but only net gain of two ____

ATPS

glycolysis is very fast and yields ____ very quickly

ATPs

alcoholic fermentation produces ___ as well as alcohol, ____ and few other ___organisms use this process

Co2 yeast micro

the ____ is a collection of molecules _____ in the inner-membrane of the mitochondrial

ETC imbedded

the two parts of aerobic respiration are the ____ _____ and ______ ______ ____, which take place in the ________ ____

Krebs cycle electron transport chain mitochondrial matrix

high energy electrons from ____ and ____ are released along the ETC

NADH FADH2

the ETC uses high energy electron stored in FADH2 and _____ from the Krebs cycle to produce more ATP. most of the energy transfer from ______ to ___ occurs in the ETC

NADH glucose ATP

S1 of Krebs cycle: _____ CoA delivers the _ carbon molecule to the 4 carbon molecule of ________ acid to form a _ carbon citric acid. __________A is then recycled back to the start

acetyl 2 oxaloacetic 6 coenzyme

pyruvic acid + NADH > _____ + Co2 + NAD+

alcohol

glycolysis is an ________ process

anaerobic

________ & _______ both carryout cellular respiration

autotrophs & heterotrophs

glycolysis is the ________ pathway in which one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is split into two 3 carbon molecules of ______ _____

biochemical pyruvic acid

in the Krebs cycle also known as the "____ ____ ________" _____ _____ from glycolysis in broken down into Co2

citric acid cycle pyruvic acid

glycolysis takes place in the _____ which means it requires no _______

cytoplasm membrane

glycolysis ______ require oxogen so it can supply chemical energy at any time

doesn't

the energy from _____ extracted from the processes of the ETC are used to _____ proton pumps of _____ across the membrane. this causes a build up of _____ charges in the inner-membrane space

electron power hydrogen positive

the _____ ______ _____ takes place in the inner-membrane of the ___________ (whose surface area is increased by folds called ______)

electron transport chain mitochondria cristae

_______ follows glycolysis when no oxogen is present

fermentation

after glycolysis if no oxogen is present the products go to _______ if oxogen is present the products of glycolysis go to ______ _______

fermentation aerobic respiration

in cellular respiration cells break down ____ to form ___

glucose ATP

_____ is an energy producing process but requires energy from the cell to get started. these two ATPs are already in the cytoplasm

glycolysis

NAD+ is a limiting factor in _____ it will stop if there is no NAD+ to accept _____

glycolysis electrons

_____ is the process of breaking down molecules to produce energy and is always the ____ step of cellular respiration.

glycolysis first

one of the reactions of glycolysis removes 4 ____ _______ ______ and passes them to an _____ carrier molecule ______

high energy electrons electron NAD+

S4 of Krebs cycle: the 4 carbon compound in step three releases a _____ atom to form another _ carbon compound. the _____ atom and the ______ released are picked up by ____ to form FADH2

hydrogen 4 hydrogen electrons FAD+

S5 of Krebs Cycle: the 4 carbon compound formed in step four releases a _____ atom to regenerate ______ acid which keeps the Krebs cycle going. another _____ is formed by hydrogen and electrons that were given off

hydrogen oxaloacetic NADH

_____ ____ _________ is used in the production of a wide variety of foods and beverages

lactic acid fermentation

______ _____ fermentation, _____ ____ is produced in your muscles during exercise when ______ cannot supply enough of itself to tissues

lactic acid lactic acis oxogen

the build up of ____ ____ cause a painful burning sensation

lactic acids

at the end of the ETC is an ____ that combines the ___ energy electrons with _____ ions and oxogen to form _____

low hydrogen water

before the two pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix and the Krebs cycle, ___ pyruvic acid from glycolysis reacts with _________A to form ____ CoA. in the process pyruvic acid loses a ____ that is given off as ___ and the electrons lost in the process combine with NAD+ to form ____

one coenzyme acetyl carbon Co2 NADH

cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down _____ ____ to produce ATP

organic compounds

the ETC needs ______ to accept low energy electrons to keep the process going producing ____

oxogen ATP

____ is the final electron acceptor in the ETC and its essential for getting rid of the ___ energy electrons and ____ ions which are the waste products of cellular respiration. without ____ the ETC stops, _____ diffuses through the channels in the membrane that are ___ _______

oxogen low hydrogen oxogen hydrogen ATP synthase

on average each ____ of high energy electrons moving down the ___ provides enough energy to produce _ molecules of ___

pair ETC 3 ATP

the process of _______ converted the energy of light into chemical bonds of ______

photosynthesis glucose

if O2 is present the _____ of glycolysis go on to ______ respiration which ______ oxogen

products aerobic requires

fermentation _____ electrons from NADH molecules and _____ the remaining (NAD+) molecules from glycolysis this allows glycolysis to continue producing ___

removes recycles ATPS

diffusing hydrogen ions across the membrane turn ATP synthase generating the energy needed to add a ____ ________ to ADP in order to form ___

third phosphate ATP

_______ organisms can produce lactic acid as a waste product during the ________ process

unicellular fermentation