Chapter 7 A&P

Sacral foramina

Flanking either side of the median sacral crest are four pairs of holes known as _________, through which pass nerves exiting the sacral canal.

Frontal

Forms the frontal squama, or four head. Inside the frontal bone, we find the frontal sinuses which are part of the paranasal sinuses. The frontal bone also contains the following features see picture:

Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body. It consists of the bones of the skull, the vertebral columb, and the thoracic cage. (Shaded orange)

Glenoid cavity

In figure 7.2B you can see that the scapula lateral angle features a shallow indentation called _________. The ________, along with the humorous, forms the shoulder joint.

Fossa

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits. Example: Humerus-Distal portion with olecranan fossa.

Condyle

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone. Example: Mandible-mandibular condyle.

Four proximal carpal bones (from lateral to mecial) back of right hand left to right where palms are.

Schapoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform

Facet

Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate. Example: Rib-Costal groove.

Fovea

Shallow pit. Example: Femur- Fevea capitis.

Triangular Scapula

Sits on the posterosuperior rib cage, extending from approximately ribs 2 to 7.

Epicondyle

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle. Example: humorous - medial epicondyle.

Tubercle and tuberosity*

Small, rounded bony projection; a tuberosity is a large tubercle. Example humorous - deltoid tuberosity

Four distal carpal bones, (lateral to medial) back of right hand, left to right.

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate

Canal (or mateus)

Tunnel through a bone. Example: Temporal Bone- external acoustic mateus.

Spine

(Thorn), Sharp process. Example: scapula - spine

Crest

(narrow long projection) Ridge or projection. example: Llium- lilac crest

Metacarpals

Are the five long bones in the hand (manus) that articulate with the distal carpal bones proximally and the bones of the fingers distally.

Lateral acromial end

Articulates with the process of the scapula called the acromion to form the acromioclavicular joint.

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles (shaded tan in figure 7.1). These bones are structured for motion and act primarily as supportive structures to which muscles attach.

Occipital bone

Forms the posterior art of the cranial cavity and the posterior cranial fossae. It features the following see picture:

Femur/Greater trochanter

Is a large projection lateral to the neck of the femur. A similar projection called the lesser trochanter is found medial and distal to this one.

Manubrium

Is the top portion of the sternum.

Sternum (flattened)

Known generally as the breastbone, forms the anterior, medium part of the thoracic cage. It consists of three portions: the following terms are the three

Greater tubercle

Lateral to the neck

Fissure

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bone. Example: Sphenoid- superior orbital fissure. Frontal bone- super orbital foramen.

Sacral hiatus

Near the apex of the sacrum is the _________, which is the termination of the sacral canal.

Protuberance*

Outgrowth from a bone. Example: Occipital bone - external occipital protuberance

Ishial spine

Projecting posteriorly and medially from the ischial body is the _________, to which a ligament from the sacrum attaches.

Process*

Prominent bony projection. Example: scapula - Coracoid process

Ribs into 2 classes:

Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs or vertobrosternal ribs because they attached to the sternum via their own costal cartilage. Ribs 8-12 are called false ribs because they do not attached to the sternum directly. Instead, the coastal cartilages of ribs 8-10 attached to the cartilage of the seventh rib. The costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 is called the coastal margin. Ribs 11 and 12 are referred to as a floating ribs vertebral ribs because they lack any attachment to the sternum

Lateral walls

The ____________, of the nasal cavity are composed of several bones, including the ethmoid bone, the perpendicular plate of the Palitine bones, the inferior nasal conchae, and the maxilla.

Body

The middle body is the largest part of the sternum

Fontanels

Which are also called soft spots result from the ossification of cranial bones. See pic for full explanation.

*The forehead of the male skull is sloped and a females is straight.

Will be on test

A disc has 2 main components

1. A soft , inner, jelly - like substance called the nucleus pulposes is a resilient shock absorber. 2. An outer ring of fibrocartilage, the anulus fibrosus (ring), keeps the nucleus pulposus in place and joins the vertebrae

Paranasal sinuses

Are the sinuses within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones known collectively as _________,is air flowing through the nasal cavity passes through the openings into the sinuses, where the mucous membranes filter, warm, and humidify the air, it also lightens the skull considerably and enhance voice resonance.

Vertabral column (spine)

Consists of, on average, 33 bones called the __________, We classify vertebrae on the basis of their structure locations. 7 cervical vertebrae located in the neck; 12 thoracic vertebrae that articulate with the ribs; 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back; 5 fused sacral vertebrae collectively called the sacrum, 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae collectively called the coccyx at the most inferior end of the vertebral column

Lateral malleolus (lateral-meaning "outside" ankle bone)

Distally, it articulates with the tibia again at the distal tibiofibular joint, after which it expands to form the lateral malleolus. This structure articulates with the talus and help stabilize the ankle joint. The fibulas thin structure causes it to the most commonly injured bone in ankle fractures.

Radius

Is a narrow proximmally and becomes progressively broader as we move distally. Its proximal epiphysis is called the radial head, which os a round, flattened structure. Just distal to the radial head is the radial neck, which ends in the radial tuberosity. This process sits on the medial side of the bone and is the site of attachment of the biceps brachii muscle.

Femur/fovea capitis

Is a pit in the center of the head; a ligament attaches from the acetabulum to the spot to help stabilize the hip joint.

Hyoid bone*

Is a small, C shaped bone in the superior neck. It is actually not a skull bone, but we discuss it with the skull bones because its close proximity to them. It is suspended in the superior neck by muscles and ligaments that attach it to the styloid process by the temporal bone and to the larynx (voicebox). *It serves as the attachment point for numerous muscles, including those involved in swallowing and speech.

Sphenoid bone

Is a unique deep cranial bone that articulates with every other cranial bone. It forms part of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. From an anterior view a (upper figure) it resembles a bat; from a superior view (lower figure), it resembles a stingray. It has for main components see picture

Radial head

Is its proximal ephiphysis to the radius, which is round, flattened structure.

Ethmoid bone

Is located deep in the anterior cranium between the eyes and behind the nasal bones. It's superior surface, the cribriform plate, forms the roof of the nasal cavity. Tiny nerves that detects smell pass through the cribriform (olfactory) foramina from the nasal cavity to the brain. See pic

Femur/Triangular patella (knee cap)

Is the bone that articulates with the femurs patellar surface. The knee is the number 1 joint extremity.

Nasal cavity

Is the first part of the respiratory tract, the component of the respiratory system that brings air into the lungs.

Mandible*

Is the inferior jaw bone and the only movable bone of the adult skull. It consists of three parts, which are: The central mandibular body and left amd right mandibular rami. (Branch). *The mandibular condyle fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. Together the two form the one freely moveable joint of the skull the temporomandibular joint. Will be on test!

Femur

Is the largest and strongest bone in the body and is the only bone of the thigh.

Humerus

Is the largest and strongest bone of the upper limb, and the only bone of the brachium, or arm.

Radial styloid process

Is the lateral tip of the radius, forms the lateral boundary of the wrist and helps stabilize the joint.

Xiphoid Process

Is the most inferior portion of the sternum is the pointed xiphoid process "sword",which is the site of the attachment for certain abdominal muscles. Composed by hyaline cartilage initially, it is generally fully ossified by about age 40.

Fibula

Is the much thinner, lateral bone of the leg. Often incorrectly reported to bear none of the body's weight, it does, in fact, it bears about one-sixth of our total weight.

Tibia

Is the second strongest bone in the body., which reflects its primary function as the main weight-bearing bone of the leg. It's proximal end, it features two concave depressions called the medial condyle and lateral condyle, which articulate with the femoral condyle's to form the knee joint.

Iliac crest

Is the superior boundary of the ala, which you feel every time you put your hands on your hips.

Trochanter*

Large projection found only on the femur. Example: femur - greater trochanter

Groove (or sulcus)

Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels.

Line

Long narrow ridge. Example: Femur-linea aspera.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers consist of 14 total __________. Each finger consists of 3 bones: proximal, middle (or intermediate), and distal phalanx. The exemption is the thumb called pollex.

Femur/ head

The femurs proximal epiphysis features the spherical _______, which articulates the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

Atlas-lateral mass

The first cervical vertebrae is the _______. It's name stems from the fact that it holds the head, just as ____, the titan from Greek mythology, supported the world. The ____is immediately recognizable by its large, teardrop shape vertebral foreman and it's lack of a vertebral body and spinous. Where the anterior and posterior arches meet, we find the lateral masses that contain the superior and inferior articular facets. It's superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyles, and the inferior facets articulate with the second cervical vertebrae.

Styloid process

The medial side of the ulnar head has a small styloid process. The styloid processes of the radius and the ulna are palpable through the skin.

Sacrum/ median sacral crest

The posterior boundary of the sacral canal is formed by the remnants of the sacral spine is processes, a ridge of bone called the median sacral crest.

Axis

The second cervical vertebrae is the _______. It's most notable feature is a superior projection from the body known as the dens or odontoid process. Both names derive from the fact that the process is shaped like a tooth.

Pubis

The smallest component of the coxal bone is the anterior _______, also called the _____ bone

Maxillae

The two __________ (jaw) are the superior jaw bones. Their fusion create a bony projection called the anterior nasal spine

Parietal bones

The two ____________ from the superior wall and part of the lateral wall of the cranial vault. They meet at the sagittal suture and articulate with several cranial bones at others sutures. Example is in the picture

Temporal bone

The two temporal bones form the lateral walls of the cranium. Each Temporel bone has four regions. See pic for regions.

Ulna

The ulna is wide proximally and narrow distally. Its proximal epiphysis has several prominent features. The first is a U-shaped notch called the trochlear notch into which the trochlea of the humerus fits. On the posterior side of the trochlea notch is a bump, the olecranon, which is the knob of the elbow that you can feel through the skin.

Hand

The wrist, or carpus consists of 8 short bones known collectively as the carpals.

Cervical vertabrae*

There is seven ___________, and they are the smallest. There most easily identifiable features are holes in their transverse processes called transverse foramina. The transverse foramina allow the passage of blood vessels called vertebral arteries and vertible veins.

Head

articular, round projection from a bones epiphysis. Example: humerus- head