chapter 7 & 10
The two major disadvantages of the anaerobic process are that
(1) the high rate of ATP production cannot be sustained for long periods and (2) the rapid accumulation of lactic acid increases the acidity of the muscle.
Including lean protein such as _____ in meals and snacks will also keep hunger at bay longer. Eating high-volume foods that are rich in ______ will provide bulk with fewer calories, fill up your stomach, and send the satiety signal to the brain.
(nuts, low-fat dairy, soy protein, or lean meat, fish, or chicken) water and fiber
Joe loses 4 pounds of fluid by sweating during a vigorous basketball game. How many cups of fluid are needed to replenish this loss?
10 cups
Along with calorie control, how many kcal does Maya need to burn daily through exercise to gradually and safely lose weight? 500 to 700 100 to 300 700 to 900 300 to 500
100 to 300
A goal of losing 1 pound or so of stored fat per week may require limiting calorie intake to _____ kcal per day for women and ___ kcal per day for men.
1200 and 1500
For substantial health benefits, adults should do at least _____ minutes per week of moderate-intensity, or ____ minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
150, 75
Per day, the average woman requires ________ calories and the average male requires ______ calories.
1800 to 2400 2200 to 3000
The American College of Sports Medicine recommends losing no more than ___ of body weight during exercise, especially in hot weather.
2%
To promote gains in muscle mass, most sports nutrition experts recommend at least _____ of high-quality protein within the first ____ hours after exercise to maximize protein synthesis.
20 grams 1 or 2
Which of these BMI scores indicates a healthy weight? 27 17 32 23
23
For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would be
27
A diet containing up to ____of calories from fat is generally recommended for athletes.
35%
A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), also known as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), allows a person ______________ kcal per day, often in liquid form.
400-800
An estimate of the calories required to sustain moderate activity is
5 to 8 kcal per minute.
How many minutes should Maya be active each day to keep off weight she has lost? 30 to 60 minutes 90 to 120 minutes 60 to 90 minutes 0 to 30 minutes
60-90 minutes
Fluid needs for an average adult are about ____ cups per day for women and ___ cups per day for men.
9 and 13
what is underweight?
A body mass index below 18.5. The cutoff is less precise than for obesity because this condition has been less studied.
what is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
A breakdown product of ATP. ADP is synthesized into ATP using energy from foodstuffs and a phosphate group (abbreviated Pi).
what is a stress fracture?
A fracture that occurs from repeated jarring of a bone. Common sites include bones of the foot.
what is amphetamine?
A group of medications that induce stimulation of the central nervous system and have other effects in the body. Abuse is linked to physical and psychological dependence.
Phosphocreatine (PCr)
A high-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP. It is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping.
what is leptin?
A hormone made by adipose tissue in proportion to total fat stores in the body that influences long-term regulation of fat mass. Leptin also influences release of the hormone insulin.
What is bioelectrical impedance?
A method used to determine people's body fat by running a small electrical current through them and measuring the resistance of fat and lean tissues.
What is carbohydrate loading?
A process in which a high-carbohydrate diet is consumed for several days before an athletic event while tapering exercise duration in an attempt to increase muscle glycogen stores.
What is adjustable gastric banding?
A restrictive procedure in which the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hollow gastric band.
what is relapse prevention?
A series of strategies used to help prevent and cope with weight-control lapses, such as recognizing high-risk situations and deciding beforehand on appropriate responses.
what is lactic acid?
A three-carbon acid formed during anaerobic cell metabolism; a partial breakdown product of glucose; also called lactate.
what is pyruvic acid?
A three-carbon compound formed during glucose metabolism; also called pyruvate.
what is Phentermine (Fastin, Ionamin),
A weight-loss medication that affects the nervous system hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to suppress your appetite.
What is Sibutramine (Meridia)?
A weight-loss medication that affects the neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormone norepinephrine to suppress your appetite.
what is vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity
Aerobic activity that greatly increases a person's heart rate and breathing (7-8 on RPE scale). Examples include jogging, singles tennis, swimming continuous laps, or bicycling uphill.
what is moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity
Aerobic activity that increases a person's heart rate and breathing to some extent (4-6 on RPE scale). Examples include brisk walking, dancing, swimming, or bicycling on level terrain.
what is dual energy X-ray absortiometry (DEXA)
An X-ray test that detects osteoporosis and can determine your body's composition of fat, soft tissue, and bone.
Maya is trying to lose weight by increasing her daily activity level. Which activity will burn the most calories? An hour of light weight lifting An hour of cycling (5.5 mph) An hour of tennis An hour of slow jogging
An hour of slow jogging
what is creatine?
An organic (i.e., carbon-containing) molecule in muscle cells that serves as a part of a high-energy compound (termed creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine) capable of synthe-sizing ATP from ADP.
what is physical activity
Any movement of skeletal muscles that requires energy.
what is stimulus control?
Avoiding or hiding unhealthy foods, so that you are not tempted to eat them
Patient selection criteria for bariatric surgery include:
BMI should be greater than 40. BMI between 35 and 40 is considered when there are serious obesity-related health concerns. Obesity must be present for a minimum of 5 years, with several nonsurgical attempts to lose weight. There should be no history of alcoholism or major untreated psychiatric disorders.
what is lean body mass
Body weight minus fat storage weight equals lean body mass. This includes organs such as the brain, muscles, and liver, as well as bone and blood and other body fluids.
what is periodization?
Cycling the volume, intensity, and activities of workouts throughout the training season.
_____________, rather than intensity, are the keys to success with this approach to weight loss.
Duration and regular performance
what is a gastroplasty
Gastric bypass surgery performed on the stomach to limit its volume to approximately 30 milliliters. Also referred to as stomach stapling.
Indications that your weight is not healthy would include the following weight-related conditions:
Hypertension Elevated LDL-cholesterol Family history of obesity, cardiovascular disease, or certain forms of cancer (e.g., uterus, colon) Pattern of upper-body fat distribution Elevated blood glucose
what is progression
Incremental increase in frequency, intensity, and time spent in each type of physical activity over several weeks or months.
what contributes to being underweight?
Internal and external satiety-signal irregularities, the rate of metabolism, hereditary tendencies, and psychological traits can all contribute to underweight.
How does gastroplasty help people lose weight?
It limits the amount of food your stomach can hold.
what is a Kilocalorie or Calorie?
Kilocalorie (kcal) is a unit that describes the energy content of food. Specifically, a kilocalorie (kcal) is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 liter) of water 1° Celsius. Remember that although kcal refers to a 1000-calorie unit of measurement, it is commonly referred to as " calories".
What is a very low calorie diet?
Known also as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), this diet allows a person 400 to 800 kcal per day, often in liquid form. Of this, 120 to 480 kcal is carbohydrate, and the rest is mostly high-quality protein
________ suppresses appetite by altering serotonin receptors found within the feeding center of the hypothalamus in the brain Weight loss with ______ can also help people with type 2 diabetes to control blood sugar
Lorcaserin hydrochloride (Belviq®) lorcaserin
what is bariatrics?
Management of obese patients
What is fat adaptation?
Manipulating the diet and physical training regimen so that muscles become more efficient at metabolizing fat as fuel during aerobic activity.
What type of physical activity is most effective if you are trying to lose weight? Moderate activity one day a week Intense activity one day a week Moderate activity four days a week None of these are effective
Moderate activity four days a week
__________ refers to the ability of the muscle to perform repeated, submaximal contractions over time without becoming fatigued.
Muscular endurance
_______ combines strength with speed for explosive movements such as jumping or throwing.
Muscular power
______ is the maximal force a muscle can exert against a load at one time (one repetition maximum or 1 RM)
Muscular strength
what is thermogenesis
Nonvoluntary activity, such as shivering, which uses calories to create body heat.
what is set point?
Often refers to the close regulation of body weight. It is not known what cells control this set point or how it functions in weight regulation. There is evidence, however, that mechanisms exist that help regulate weight.
Which weight-loss medication blocks fat digestion in the small intestine? Orlistat Sibutramine Phenteramine Meridia
Orlistat
what is exercise?
Physical activities that are planned, repetitive, and intended to improve physical fitness.
what is muscle-strengthening activity
Physical activity that increases skeletal muscle strength, power, endurance, and mass. Examples include lifting weights, using weight machines, and calisthenics (e.g., push-ups).
What is contingency management?
Planning ahead to help you manage situations in which you might overeat.
what is water intoxication?
Potentially fatal condition that occurs with a high intake of water, which results in severe dilution of the blood and other fluid compartments
what is chain-breaking
Separating an unhealthy habit from the situation in which it occurs.
_________ should be the first behavior modification step toward weight loss and management.
Setting realistic goals
__________ can provide information on body fat. This low-technology approach uses calipers to measure skin fold thickness in various parts of your body.
Skinfold measurements
what is cognitive restructuring?
Substituting healthy behaviors for overeating.
What is a sleeve gastrectomy?
Surgical reduction of stomach by about 75% (to about the size of a banana). Also known as the gastric sleeve.
what is physical fitness?
The ability to perform moderate to vigorous physical activity without undue fatigue.
what is a resting metabolism?
The amount of calories the body uses when the person has not eaten in 4 hours and is resting (e.g., 15 to 30 minutes) and awake in a warm, quiet environment. It is usually slightly higher than basal metabolism due to the less strict criteria for the test; often referred to as resting metabolic rate (RMR).
what is thermic effect of food (TEF) The increase in metabolism that occurs during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This represents 5% to 10% of calories consumed.
The increase in metabolism that occurs during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This represents 5% to 10% of calories consumed.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
The main energy currency for cells. ATP energy is used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular contraction.
Which of these is the best indicator of your body fat? Your height The results of a bioelectrical impedance test Your body weight Your BMI score
The results of a bioelectrical impedance test
what is a positive energy balance.
The state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain.
what is a negative energy balance?
The state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss.
What is upper body obesity?
The type of obesity in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a waist circumference more than 40 inches (102 centimeters) in men and more than 35 inches (89 centimeters) in women. Also known as android obesity. Page 245
While other adipose cells empty fat into general blood circulation, the fat released from abdominal adipose cells goes directly to the liver, by way of the portal vein. Why is this bad?
This influx of fat interferes with the liver's ability to use insulin and negatively affects lipoprotein metabolism by the liver.
what is ergogenic
To promote gains in muscle mass, most sports nutrition experts recommend at least 20 grams of high-quality protein within the first 1 or 2 hours after exercise to maximize protein synthesis.
what is self-monitoring?
Tracking your eating habits to see behavioral patterns.
what are identical twins?
Two offspring that develop from a single ovum and sperm and, consequently, have the same genetic makeup.
The ________ is dangerous because of its lack of fat, an essential nutrient. Major health risks include heart problems and gallstones.
VLDC
what factors affect a healthy weight?
Your health (hypertension, elevated blood glucose, & elevated LDL cholesterol) Your family history (obesity, cancer and cardiovascular disease) How fat is distributed on your body what weight you've maintained in the past
Body mass index (BMI) is a tool often used to establish
a healthy weight
Which one of these people probably has an unhealthy weight? A woman with 30% body fat A woman with 22% body fat A man with 22% body fat A man with 30% body fat
a man with 30% body fat
Using the energy obtained from foodstuffs, cells make ATP from its breakdown product _______ and a ______-
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) phosphate group (abbreviated Pi).
Body cells must first convert food energy (i.e., calories) to
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What does not increase your basal metabolic rate?
aging
Most of the time, ______ contribute(s) less than 5% to the body's general energy needs. However, during endurance exercise, it can supply as much as 15%.
amino acids
what is used to do direct calorimetry
an insulated chamber with water
Basal metabolism is measured as
basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Most of the calories you consume support your body's
basal metabolism.
Doctors are best equipped to assess overall health and the appropriateness of weight loss by examining health parameters such as
blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood glucose that can be altered because of excess weight.
what does direct calorimetry usually measure?
body heat
Which of the following is an important aspect of behavior modification used for weight control? a. Severely restricting intake after overeating b. Avoiding planned eating so you can be ready to handle spontaneous changes in the situation c. Recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating d. Weighing at the same time each day
c. Recording eating behavior to identify situations that contribute to overeating
Which of the following ergogenic aids may cause anxiety and insomnia? a.Caffeine b. Growth hormone c. Phosphate loading d. Bicarbonate loading
caffeine
For sporting events longer than 60 minutes, consumption of _______ during activity can also improve athletic performance
carbohydrate
For athletes who compete in continuous, intense aerobic events lasting more than 90 minutes (or in shorter events taking place more than once within a 24-hour period), a ___________ can help to maximize the amount of energy stored in the form of muscle glycogen for the event.
carbohydrate-loading regimen
During physical activity, fatty acids are released from various adipose tissue depots into the bloodstream and travel to the muscles, where they are taken into each cell and broken down aerobically to
carbon dioxide and water
For any behavior change, goal setting will enhance your success. Taking into account your current level of fitness, choose a goal that is
challenging yet attainable
Changing one's frame of mind related to weight control and nutrition is called
cognitive restructuring
Which of the following is true about the protein intake for athletes? a. Most athletes must take protein supplements to get enough protein. b. Bodybuilders need more protein than elite endurance athletes. c. Amino acid supplements are a better way to deliver amino acids because they do not need to be digested. d. Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs.
d. Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs.
Neil is a football player. We can tell whether he is getting enough calories by all the following EXCEPT a. determining his body fat level. b. seeing if his body fat is about 5 percent to 18 percent. c. monitoring weight changes on a weekly basis. d. weighing him before and after football practice.
d. weighing him before and after football practice.
The risks of bariatric surgery include These risks depend on many factors related to the surgeon and facility, the patient, and the procedure.
death and both early and late postoperative complications, such as bleeding, blood clots, hernias, and severe infections. Risk of death from these demanding surgeries can be as high as 2% (less risk with experienced surgeons).
What is thermic effect of food (TEF)?
energy (calories) used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients
what is energy balance?
energy in = energy out The state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity.
The potential benefits of regular physical activity include _________ Physical activity also can _______ In addition, physical activity aids in weight control, both by raising__________--
enhanced heart function, less injury, better sleep habits, and improvement in body composition. reduce stress and positively affect blood pressure, blood cholesterol, blood glucose regulation, and immune function. resting energy expenditure for a short time after exercise and by increasing overall energy expenditure.
Many fitness experts use the FITT principle to design a fitness program. FITT stands for
frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise.
Morbidly obese people and obese people with weight-related health problems sometimes benefit from a type of stomach surgery called
gastroplasty (gastric bypass surgery).
Low-carbohydrate diets can cause weight loss, but the ____ deficit decreases your ability to be active. Because these diets are restrictive, it can be hard to follow them long term.
glucose
To prevent chronic fatigue and load the muscles and liver with _____, carbohydrate intake should be at least ______
glycogen 6 grams per kilogram of body weight
Hormones, such as estrogen, often cause obese women to carry excess weight in the lower body (between the waist and the knees). This is called _____________. After menopause, excess weight often settles in the upper body.
gynoid (lower-body) obesity.
excess weight can
harm your lungs, heart, bones, skin, eyes, liver and sexual health
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) five factors
height, weight, degree of physical activity, and age.
The chemical bonds between phosphates in ATP and related molecules are
high-energy bonds.
What is heat exhaustion?
hypovolemic shock or shock by dehydration. cool/clammy skin, weakness, confusion, headache, rapid pulse. Body temperature will be high but no sweating. Treatment: removing patient from heat, treating shock.
What is upper body obesity related to
insulin resistance and fatty liver leading to diabetes, high blood lipids, and heart disease.
Right after exercise, the cells are _______ , so they rapidly take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen
insulin sensitive
The main advantage of PCr is that __________. The disadvantage of PCr is that _______
it can be activated instantly and can replenish ATP at rates fast enough to meet the energy demands of the fastest and most powerful actions, including jumping, lifting, throwing, and sprinting not much of it is made and stored in the muscles.
The advantage of anaerobic glucose breakdown is that _______________. It therefore provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about _______
it is the fastest way to resupply ATP, other than PCr breakdown 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
The eventual ___________ is strongly influenced by genetics, particularly during pregnancy when gene expression is being imprinted on the fetus.
location of fat storage
what is direct calorimetry
measures heat production to measure energy (calorie) expenditure
What is indirect calorimetry?
measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide expired
People who weigh twice their ideal body weight or who are at least 100 pounds overweight are called
morbidly obese.
Overall, maintenance of weight loss is fostered by the "3 Ms":
motivation, movement, and monitoring.
After prolonged aerobic exercise, what is depleted?
muscle and liver glycogen stores
if energy input is less than energy output, there is a calorie deficit and _______ results.
negative energy balance
Health problems that require medical evaluation before beginning an exercise program include
obesity, cardiovascular disease (or family history of it), hypertension, diabetes (or family history), chest pains or shortness of breath after mild exertion, and arthritis
Adequate hydration supports _______; strength and power athletes are no exception. Checking _________ is a good indication of fluid status. If the athlete is poorly hydrated before an event, water or a sports drink will be sufficient to restore hydration.
optimal athletic performance urine color or urine-specific gravity
This medication reduces fat digestion by about 30% by inhibiting lipase enzyme action in the small intestine (Fig. 7-19). This cuts absorption of dietary fat by one-third for about 2 hours when taken along with a meal containing fat. what medication is this?
orlistat (Xenical).
What does indirect calorimetry usually measure?
oxygen use
Better high-carbohydrate food choices include
pasta, rice, potatoes, bread, fruit and fruit juices, and many breakfast cereals
An enzyme in the muscle cell is activated to split PCr into ______. This releases energy that can be used to re-form _____ from its breakdown products.
phosphate and creatine. ATP
As soon as ATP stored in muscle cells begins to be used, another high-energy compound, ______________, is used to resupply ATP.
phosphocreatine (PCr)
Your body uses the energy from calories to digest and use nutrients, to support
physical activity and metabolic processes.
what three factors increase your energy needs
physical activity, food digestion and thermogenesis
Who needs a positive energy balance?
pregnant women
What nutrient takes the most energy/calories to digest?
protein
When oxygen supply in the muscle is limited (anaerobic conditions), glucose is broken down into a three-carbon compound called ______. The _________ accumulates in the muscle and is then converted to _____
pyruvic acid (x2) and lactic acid
When calorie intake is _______, the blood concentration of thyroid hormones _____, which _____ basal metabolism.
reduced, falls, slows
Which type of behavior modification can help you spot unhealthy eating patterns? Cognitive restructuring Chain-breaking Self-monitoring Stimulus control
self-monitoring
what kind of shape does lower body obesity make
small abdomen and much larger buttocks and thighs give a pearlike appearance.
Carbohydrate-rich food choices for a pre-event meal include
spaghetti, muffins, bagels, pancakes with fresh fruit topping, oatmeal with fruit, a baked potato topped with a small amount of sour cream, toasted bread with jam, bananas, or low-sugar breakfast cereals with reduced-fat or fat-free milk
________ slows muscle loss that comes with dieting and age, builds the strength of your muscles and connective tissues, and increases bone density.
strength training
Being active does what?
strengthens your bones and helps you gain lean body mass.
These ergogenic aids include
sufficient water and electrolytes, adequate carbohydrates, and a balanced and varied diet consistent with MyPlate
what is a lipectomy
surgical removal of adipose tissue
what is a heat stroke
temp of 106 or higher and generally happens to people who are exercising in hot weather hot,dry skin, confusion, fainting
what is adaptive thermogenesis
the ability of humans to regulate body temperature within narrow limits (thermoregulation). Two visible examples of thermogenesis are fidgeting and shivering when cold.
Health problems associated with underweight include ____________. Significant underweight is also associated with _________
the loss of menstrual function, low bone mass, complications with pregnancy and surgery, and slow recovery after illness. increased death rates, especially when combined with cigarette smoking.
Xenical is a weight-loss drug that works in the digestive system
to block digestion of about one-third of the fat in the food we eat.
If more traditional diet changes have failed, treating severe obesity with a _______ is possible, especially if the person has obesity-related diseases that are not well controlled (e.g., hypertension and type 2 diabetes).
very-low-calorie diet (VLCD)
Examples of exercise include
walking, biking, swimming, participating in team sports, and running.
what is aerobic?
with oxygen
What is anaerobic?
without oxygen
The BMR for women is about The BMR for men is about 1 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour. BMR is higher in men because they have more lean body mass than women.
.9 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour 1 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour. BMR is higher in men because they have more lean body mass than women.
Women naturally have more body fat than men, because it plays a role in their reproductive functions. A healthy range for women is about ______ of total weight. A woman with more than ____ body fat is considered obese.
14% to 31% 32%
A BMI of _____ is considered underweight, a BMI of ______ is considered healthy, a BMI of _____ is considered overweight, and a BMI of ____ is considered obese.
18 or lower 19 to 24 25 to 29 30 or greater
Maya weighs 135 pounds (approximately 61 kilograms). How many kcal will she probably use during an hour of playing golf? 244 kcal 200 kcal 214 kcal 220 kcal
220 kcal
For men, about ______ of their weight should come from body fat. Men with more than ____ body fat are considered obese.
6% to 24% 25%
The body uses energy for three general purposes: ___________ A fourth minor form of energy output, known as _________, refers to energy expended during fidgeting or shivering in response to cold
: basal metabolism; physical activity; and digestion, absorption, and processing of ingested nutrients. adaptive thermogenesis
What is used to measure the energy in food?
A bomb calorimeter
What is underwater weighing?
A method used to determine people's body fat by comparing their weight in water against their weight out of water.
What is air displacement?
A method used to determine people's body fat by comparing their weight with the amount of space that they take up in an air chamber.
what is the hypothalamus
A region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in the regulation of energy intake, respiration, body temperature, and other body functions.
What is brown adipose tissue?
A specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without syn-thesizing much useful energy for the body. The unused energy is released as heat.
what is android (upper body) obesity?
A type of obesity common in men in which much of the excess weight is in the abdomen.
What is Orlistat (Xenical)?
A weight-loss medication that decreases fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine by blocking some enzymes that break down fat.
Persons with higher amounts of lean body mass have a higher ____ because lean tissue is more metabolically active than fat. The lean tissue, therefore, requires _____ energy to support its activity.
BMR and More
________ is the relationship between the energy you get from food (measured in calories) and the energy your body needs to function
Energy balance
_____________ encourage lower-body (gynecoid or gynoid) obesity—the typical female pattern.
Estrogen and progesterone
Low-carbohydrate diets increase the amount of water in your body. T/F
FALSE
Low-fat diets are healthy and easy for most people to maintain for a long time. T/F
FALSE
The best diets are the ones that provide the fastest weight loss. T/F
FALSE
Ineffective diets sometimes recommend their own brand of costly vitamin and mineral supplements. T/F
TRUE
what is basal metabolism?
The minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet environment. It amounts to roughly 1 kcal per kilogram per hour for men and 0.9 kcal per kilogram per hour for women; these values are often referred to as basal metabolic rate (BMR).
What is lower body obesity?
The type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area. Also known as gynoid or gynecoid obesity.
what does gastroplasty (gastric bypass surgery) do?
This surgery greatly decreases stomach size and bypasses part of the small intestine. After surgery, overeating can cause vomiting and other problems because the stomach size is so small.
Which of these problems is often linked to excess weight? All of the above Cardiovascular problems Cancer Type 2 diabetes
all of the above
what kind of shape does upper body obesity make
apple shape (large abdomen and small buttocks and thighs)
Researchers can measure how many calories you use by measuring your
body heat and respiration
A special device called a _______ can also measure food energy by igniting a specific food and measuring how the heat raises the temperature of water in a surrounding chamber.
bomb calorimeter
what is important in babies and hibernating animals to have?
brown adipose tissue
These are two important steps to achieve and maintain weight loss:
calorie control and physical activity
Changing your eating patterns can also help you achieve and maintain weight loss. These are some helpful behavior modification tools:
chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, contingency management, and self-monitoring
Our ______ help determine metabolic rate, fuel use, and differences in brain chemistry—all of which affect body weight.
genes
BMR increases with
increased lean body mass, body surface area, body temperature, nervous system activity, and tobacco and caffeine use. Pregnancy and thyroid hormones
They can be mounted on carts (metabolic carts) and rolled up to a hospital bed or carried in a backpack while a person plays tennis or jogs to measure how many kcals are burned during these activities. There are even handheld instruments (BodyGem). what are these being used to do?
indirect calorimetry
drawbacks of BMI tool
it doesnt evaluate the ratio of lean tissue to adipose. Children, growing adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, muscular people, and some older people have unique needs and body composition. (They should not be evaluated with the adult BMI chart.) Adults under 5'0" sometimes have high BMI's
When energy input is greater than energy output, the result is
positive energy balance.
Tools to measure body fat include:
underwater weighing air displacement bioelectrical impedence dual energy X-ray absortiometry (DEXA)
Which type of obesity carries the greatest health risks?
upper body obesity
High blood testosterone levels apparently encourage ______, as does alcohol intake, and smoking.
upper-body obesity
Weight loss from low-carbohydrate diets, such as Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution, is mostly due to
water loss
how to measure BMI
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
when does BMR decrease
weight loss when you consume fewer than about 300 kcal per day. BMR also decreases as you age and your lean body mass decreases, although physical activity can offset this.