Chapter 7 Assignment Questions

7. Explain the function of an epiphyseal plate. (p. 148)

Causes long bones to grow in adolescents and children, the lengthening and enlarged structure of bones

1. Active, living tissues found in bone include ___________________. (p. 144) a. blood b. nervous tissue c. bone tissue d. all of the above

D. All of the above (blood, nervous, and bone tissues)

20. Joint movements occur when a muscle contracts and the muscle fibers pull the muscle's movable end of attachment to the bone, the ______________, toward its fixed end, the ___________________. (p. 178)

Joint movements occur when a muscle contracts and the muscle fibers pull the muscle's movable end of attachment to the bone, the insertion, toward its fixed end, the origin.

8. Physical exercise pulling on muscular attachments to bones stimulates _______________________. (p. 148)

Physical exercise pulling on muscular attachments to bones stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen.

4. Distinguish between the microscopic structure of compact bone and spongy bone. (pp. 145-146)

Compact bone-has holes, and found towards the outside and ends of epiphysis' walls Spongy bone-towards the inner area of the bone, towards the inside

18. Describe and give an example of a fibrous joint, a cartilaginous joint, and a synovial joint. (p. 174)

Fibrous-lie between bones that closely contact one another, thin layer of dense connective tissue joins the bones, and no appreciable movement (synarthrotic) takes place Example-joint in the leg between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula Cartilaginous-Hyaline cartilage, or fibrocartilage, connects the bones, slight flexibility, and allow limited movement (amphiarthrotic) Example-intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and the first rib with the sternum Synovial-allow free movement (diarthrotic), more complex structurally, thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and secretes synovial fluid Example-meniscus in spinal column, and bursar in olecranon

3. Discuss the functions of the parts labeled in the sketch you made for question 2. (pp. 144-145)

epiphyses-ends of bone, forms a joint with another bone diaphysis-shaft of the bone medullary cavity-within diaphysis, contains bone marrow periosteum-tough membrane covering over entire bone articular cartilages-hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones compact bone-wall of the diaphysis, solid, strong spongy bone-aka cancellous, found in epiphysis

9. Give several examples of how bones support and protect body parts. (p. 149)

lower limbs, pelvis, and backbone-support the body's weight skull-protect the eyes, ears, and brain rib cage and shoulder girdle-protect the heart and lungs pelvic girdle-protect the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs

19. Name an example of each type of synovial joint, and describe the parts of the joint as they relate to the movement(s) allowed by that particular joint. (p. 175)

(1) ball-and-socket or spheroidal joint-widest range of motion, permitting movements in all planes (2) condylar or ellipsoidal joint-variety of movements in different planes; not rotational movement (3) plane or gliding joints-sliding and twisting movements (4) hinge joint-movement in one plane only (uniaxial) (5) pivot or trochoid joint-limited to the rotation around a central axis (6) saddle or sellar joint-movements, mainly in two planes (biaxial), as in the joint between the carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal of the thumb

21. Match the movement on the left with the appropriate description on the right. (pp. 178-180) (1) rotation (2) supination (3) extension (4) eversion (5) protraction (6) flexion (7) pronation (8) abduction (9) depression (10) adduction A. turning the palm upward B. decreasing the angle between parts C. moving a part forward D. moving a part around axis E. moving a part toward midline F. turning the foot so plantar surface faces laterally G. increasing the angle between parts H. lowering a part I. turning the palm downward J. moving a part away from midline

(1) rotation-(D.) moving a part around axis (2) supination-(A.) turning the palm upward (3) extension-(G.) increasing the angle between parts (4) eversion-(F.) turning the foot so plantar surface faces laterally (5) protraction-(C.) moving a part forward (6) flexion-(B.) decreasing the angle between parts (7) pronation-(I.) turning the palm downward (8) abduction-(J.) moving a part away from midline (9) depression-(H.) lowering a part (10) adduction-(E.) moving a part toward midline

10. List and describe other functions of bones. (p. 149)

Body movement- interact as simple mechanical devices called levers Blood cell formation-blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow.

11. Bones of the head, neck, and trunk compose the ____________ skeleton; bones of the limbs and their attachments compose the _______________ skeleton. (p. 153)

Bones of the head, neck, and trunk compose the axial skeleton; bones of the limbs and their attachments compose the appendicular skeleton.

5. Explain how the development of intramembranous bone differs from that of endochondral bone. (p. 147)

Intramembranous bone-broad, flat bones of the skull; originate between sheetlike layers of connective tissues Endochondral bone-all other bones; begin as masses of hyaline car- tilage that are later replaced by bone tissue

2. Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and articular cartilages. On the sketch, designate the locations of compact and spongy bone. (pp. 144-145)

On another paper

6. ______________________ are mature bone cells, whereas _________________are bone forming cells and ________________are bone-resorbing cells. (pp. 147-148)

Osteocytes are mature bone cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone forming cells and osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells.