Chapter 7 Career Development
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _____ according to Brill's theory of career choices: a. subliminal b. sublimation c. suppression d. introjection
b. Sublimation
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _____ as an ego defense mechanism a. subliminal b. sublimation c. repression d. rationalization
b. Sublimation Sublimation: when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner. ie: a person who likes to cut things up might pursue a career as a butcher or surgeon (instead of murdering people)
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be a. a social worker. b. a counselor. c. a psychiatrist. d. an I/O psychologist. (I/O = industrial organization)
c. A psychiatrist Since medical field is highest paying job on OOH and psychiatry requires medical education, it would be higher than being a psychologist.
Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be: a. artistic b. social c. enterprising d. realistic
c. Enterprising (Love to sell to others or perform leadership tasks. Value power & status. aka: real estate agents, business owners, tv producers, hotel managers).
Some support for Roe's theory comes from: a. the BDI b. the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) c. the Rorschach and the TAT d. the gestalt therapy movement
c. The Rorschach and the TAT Memory: R and R (Roe and Rorschach/TAT)
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called a. the father of lifestyle b. the father of modern counseling c. The father of vocational guidance d. the fourth force in counseling
c. The father of vocational guidance
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes: a. id impulses b. the Critical Parent c. the self-concept d. ego strength
c. The self-concept SS: Super + Self-concept. Individuals choose careers that allow their self-concept to be expressed.
Holland categorized _____ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments: a. two b. five. c. three d. six
d. Six RIASEC Realistic, Investigative, Artist, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology: a. artistic b. conventional c. social d. realistic
d. realistic (realistic or motoric. They like machines/tools/labor. aka: truck drivers, auto mechanics, plumbers, etc.)
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: a. service b. science. c. arts & entertainment d. unskilled
d. unskilled
In a lifetime the average person has: a. 10-15 jobs b. 2 jobs c. a single job and stays with it for his or her entire career d. about five jobs
10 to 15 jobs
Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology a. A 72 year old part time, male ballet isntructor b. A 29 year old female fiction writer c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator d. A 41 year old singer for a heavy metal rock band
A 33-year-old female drill press operator artists: shun conformity & structure. Expressive.
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the a. AP b. AACD c. APGA d. NASW
APGA In 1983, APGA= American Personnel and Guidance Association changed its name to : AACD= American Association for Counseling and Development and then in 1992 they changed the name to ACA: American Counseling Association
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of: a. Anne ROe b. John Holland. c. H.B. Gelatt d. Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura
At its zenith the DOT listed: a. approx. 10,000 job titles. b. nearly 5,000 job titles. c. approx. 20,000 job titles. d. nearly 100,000 job titles
Approximately 20,000 job titles. DICTIONARY of OCCUPATIONAL TITLES. (DOT) Largest, most comprehensive source. started by US department in 1938. Started before the DSMand provided a classification system for career counselors. WOW okuur. The Occupational Information Network O*NET became a virtual replacement for the DOT in 1991. It lists fewer jobs 'cause it dropped the smaller occupations not many people worked in. (All other print copies of DOT, if they exist now, are not printed by US Department of Labor)
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described: A. As a displaced homemaker B. as a victim of underemployment. c. by conducting a job analysis. d. as a victim of the hidden job market.
As a displaced homemaker (could in come cases be widowed or divorced). job analysis: procedure wher tasks, duties, skills, required education, safety issues, etc. are examined. job evaluation: rates the value of the job within the organization to decide what it should pay. It does not rate the person performing the job!!! A job analysis leads to a job description/specification.
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) b. paper and pencil career tests c. career theories proposed in the 1940s d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as DOT or OOH
Computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG)
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by. a .John O. Crites b. John Holland c. David Tiedeman and RObert O'Hara d. Donald Super
David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara Decision theory is a 2-part process. 1: Anticipation: You imagine yourself in a given occupation 2. Implementation ( accommodation/induction): you engage in reality testing your expectations concerning said occupation. All decision-making theories say individuals can choose from the various options.
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. Which statement is true a. Dual-earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual-career families. b. Dual-earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families. c. dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families. d. dual-career families have less competition.
Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families Dual-career families have jobs where advancement is possible. (hence a career). dual-earner families: they have jobs where advancement is not possible or is minimal.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples: a. dual-career families/couples have more leisure time. b. dual-career families/couples have the same amount of leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner. c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time d. dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure time.
Dual-career families/couples have less leisure time
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing: a. unconscious and preconscious b. fields and levels c. yin and yang d. transactional analysis nomenclature
Fields and levels The 8 occupational "fields" include: 1. service 2. business contact 3. organizations 4. technology 5. outdoor 6. science 7. general culture 8. arts/entertainment The 6 levels of occupational skills include: 1. professional & managerial (first level) 2. professional & managerial (second level) 3. semiprofessional/small business 4. skilled 5. semi-skilled 6. unskilled
Super's life-span theory emphasizes _____ life stages: a. five. b. four. c. three. d. nine
Five 1. Growth: 0-14 2. Exploration: 15-24 3. Establishment:24-44 4. Maintenance. 44-64 5. Decline: 65+
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often: a. make the same job choice as a man. b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man. c. have lower career aspirations than a man. d. choose a career well above her ability level.
Have lower career aspirations than a man So sad. Louise Fitzgerald and JOhn Crites discovered that even when girls manifest higher career maturity than boys, their aspirations remain lower.
Midlife career change: a. is not unusual. b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare. c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse. d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.
Is not that unusual
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al." a. is very behavioristic. b. is indicative of a client-centered approach. c. is psychodynamic. d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.
Is very behavioristic (and highly recommended for the disabled).
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of: a. John Crites b. Anne Roe c. John Holland. d. Nancy Schlossberg
John Crites career maturity aka vocational maturity. Schlossberg: she focused on adult career development. (Focused on adult transitions). She suggested 5 factors: 1. behavior in adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors 2. behavior can be a function of life stage or age 3. sex differences are more powerful than age or stage differences 4. adults continually experience transitions that require adaptation and self-assessment 5. identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing: a. David Tiedeman b. John Holland. c. Anne Roe d. John Crites
John Holland
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that: a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads. d. most jobs are not advertised.
Most jobs are not advertised that's why you must network. Also it helps people find gay-friendly employers.
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation: a. most women hold high paying executive jobs. b. Most women hold low-paying jobs with low status c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree. d. men still make considerably less than women.
Most women hold low-paying jobs with low status occupation sex segragation: female occupations generally pay less and lack the status of male occupations
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the a. Occupational Options Handbook b. Occupational Outlook Handbook c. Career Options Occupational Titles d. Optional Occupations Handbook
Occupational Outlook Handbook Published by US Department in 1949 to help WWII veterans. Revised every 2 years. - highlights salient factors of jobs, necessary training, earnings, and even advancement opportunties. THAT'S WHY IT'S OUTLOOK. It's about looking at all that a possible occupation would entail long term.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _____ theorists a. behavior modification b. ego psychologists c. experiential d. personality
Personality ( or structural theory)
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs: a. Albert Ellis b. John O. Crites c. John Krumboltz d. Robert Hoppock
Robert Hoppock He based his theory on Harry Truman (TAT guy)'s needs theory. Hoppock believed you must konw your needd and find a career that meets most of them. Crites: best known for developing Career Maturity INventory (CMI) which measures attitudes & competencies related to a career choice process.
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience: a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests. b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests. c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests. d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less
Satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests Appeared in 1927 when E.K. Strong Jr. developed Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) for men. Test showed how someone's likes/dislikes were similar to the likes/dislikes of others who were already in a said occupation. LAter developed for women. Untimed test. Done by observing 200-300 happily employed employees in a given field. For HS, college, students & adults. Computer scored. IT MEASURES INTERESTS, (likes/dislikes) NOT ABILITIES!!!!
The career anchor theory was espoused by: a. Roe b. Tiedeman and Ohara c. Schein d. Super and Savickas
Schein Schein's anchors! Schein's Anchors! Schein's Anchors (Shining anchors) Tiedeman and Ohara: proposed a decision-making developmental theory based on Erikson's psychosocial stages. Every decision is characterized by anticipation & implementation.
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume: a. should downplay the value of a cover letter b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter
Should emphasize the importance of a cover letter "What Color Is Your Paachute" by RIchard Bolles is bestselling resource for finding/hunting for a job.
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely: a. artistic b. social c. enterprising d. realistic
Social They prefer solving problems using interpersonal skills and feelings.
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as: a. the contrast effect b. sublimation c. the compensatory effect d. spillover
Spillover Contrast: the awareness regarding the difference between 2 successive juuxtapositions of 2 stimuli. So an employer's impression of a candidate is affected by previous candidates. (contrast) The Compensatory effect: a worker compensates for things they can't do on the job. ie: if a librarian is quiet from 8-5pm, she will be LOUD after work. Spillover: like a glass that spills over. bringing work home. or talking about work during leisure time. etc. Segmentation: when work and family are kept separate
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels
The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies: a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds. c. the client will be standing a lot. d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.
The client will not need to lift over 10 pounds Sedentary: max. lifting is 10 pounds lightwork: max lifting is up to 20 pounds. And can walk/stand up for up to 6 hours daily. heavy work: max lifting is up to 100 pounds very heavy work: max lifting exceeds 100 pounds.
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal a. career aptitude b. the personality via projective measures c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types d. spillover personality tendencies
The individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
Super's life-span theory includes: a. the life-career rainbow. b. the life-career stars. c. the life-career moon. d. the life-career psychosis.
The life-career rainbow: Remember the diagram of the rainbow with the stages ontop of it from one side (growth) to the other side (decline) and then each sub row in the rainbow is for the various life roles individuals can have. The roles unfold from child - parent, over the life span: parent homemaker worker citizen leisurite student child SO FOR SUPER: CAREER INCLUDES: Being a student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civid duties, avocation (things you do for leisure without remuneration), and family roles.
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that:. a. The process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood; career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span; career choice is reversible b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span. c. career choice is reversible. d. all of the above.
The process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood; career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span; career choice is reversible
A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to lack of jobs in the field is a victim of: a. unemployment d. underemployment c. the phi phenomenon d. the risky shift phenomenon
Underemployment this occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below his/her skill level. Occurs when there's an abundance of educated people who flood job marke which does not have enough jobs for high level of training. More people going to college = more underemployment.
The in-basket technique would be best: a/ when you are on a hiring committee & assessing candidates for managerial positions. b. when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices/careers. c. when you are counseling a HS senior who is unsure of where to go for college d. when you are counseling a college senior who is contemplating grad school.
When you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position In-basket technique: job simulation, where the candidate is given a basket or package of materials, including memos, emails, phone msgs, requests for presentations, and even complaints, that a manager would typically encounter after being off work for a period of time. The hiring committee monitors how the candidate makes decisions, prioritizes, pays attention to detail, delegates, and responds to correspondence. Candidate must explain their choices too. Very popular technique with formal assessment centers
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination a. women make more than men for doing the same job. b. women make less than men for doing the same job. c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation. d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.
Women make less than men for doing the same job
The term reentry woman would best describe: a. a 32 year old female police offer promoted to sergeant. b. a 22 year old female teacher who becomes a school counselor. c. a 59 year old female administrative assistant job who switched positions for 2 years and will return to her job. d. a 29 year old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast food restaurant.
a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant re-entry women: women who go from working in the home to working outside the home. they typically experience high career indecision.
Holland believed that: a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities. b. A given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes. c. one's personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one's occupational choice. d. b and c.
a. A given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that: a. A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college. b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance. c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance. d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior high school or middle school students did not.
a. A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that: a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant. c. four major personality categories exist d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection
a. An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. HOlland believed in stereotypes, which is why his theory was criticized as being too simplistic.
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to: a. Occupational group b. career options c. OOH data d. the transfer of skills
a. An occupational group
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms. b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment. c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness. d. are the result of irrational cognitions.
a. Are indicative of neurotic symptoms
A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of a. gender bias b. counselor bias c. the trait-and-factor theory d. developmental theory and career choice
a. Gender bias
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _____ into account: a. individual change throughout the life span b. relevant psychometric data c. personality d. job requirements
a. Individual change throughout the life span
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for a. K-12, postsecondary, and even adults. b. children who have not completed sixth grade c. kids who have not taken the peabody picture vocab test PPVT d. HS students
a. K-12, postsecondary, and even adults KCPS: offers career planning & online education for virtually any age backet. Kuder Galaxy Program: for elementary students Kuder Nvigator: for secondary students Kuder Journey: for postsecondary & adults PPVT: measure of hearing or receptive covab and a screening test of verbal ability that can be used for kids under 3 years old - 90+ aged people. Takes 15 minutes. No reading skills required.
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice a. Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs. c. all needs are given equal consideration. d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.
a. Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs (The job meets the "most urgent need.")
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _____ digit code: a. nine b. eight. c. six d. five
a. Nine I. first 3 digits = occupational category/group. 01/profession, technical, manegerial careers 2. clerical and sales careers 3. service 4. agricultural, fishery, forestry etc. 5. processing 6. machine trade 7. bench work 8. structural work 9. miscellaneous 2. second 3 digits = tasks in relation to data & things 3. third 3 digits = helped alphabetize titles ie: 045.107.010= 0 = professional/technical/managerial 4= occupations in life sciences 5-occupational group 045 is occupations in psychology.
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware a. of his/her own ethnocentric biases b. that asian americans rarely choose scientific careers c. that african american males often choose enterprising typology in John Holland's test d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases
a. Of his or her own ethnocentric biases
Statistics reveal that: a. On average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma b. fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before. c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs. d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have fewer skills.
a. On average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: a. Outdoor b. Semiskilled c. semiprofessional/small business; d. professional and managerial
a. Outdoor
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: a. predictive, value, and decision. b. internal, external, and in-between. c predictive, external, and internal. d. internal and external
a. Predictive, value, and decision Decision-making theory says that yes, occupational choice is a long-term thing, but sometimes YOU GONNA HAVE TO MAKE A DECISION OKAY. In he Gelatt Model: 1. Predictive system: concerned with probably alternatives, actions, & possibilities 2. the person's value system: one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes 3. decision system: rules & criteria for evaluating the outcome.
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This modle is based mainly on the work of: a. Joseph Wolpe b. Albert Bandura c. Donald Super d. Karen Horney
b. Albert Bandura Krumboltz & Anita Mitchell G and Brian Jones used Albert Bandura's work to explain career choice. Bandura stressed role of modeling in acquisition of new behaviors. = vicarious learning (observing others). WHICH IS WHY HE SAID THAT WHEN YOU'RE EXPOSED TO NEW CAREERS ETC YOU LEARN NEW INTERESTS. YES YES YES! This is so valid and true as well. It explains why Black people for instance, need successful role models. We learn from what we see. Occupational indecisiveness= information deficit. NOT career immaturity. Realistic Job Preview = interviewing someone in the field you wanna enter. Guided imagery: imagine a day in the future working in the job or even receiving an award for outstanding performance in the position.
Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on a. fields and levels. b. circumscription & compromise theory c. the career rainbow d. the concept of career maturity, mainly.
b. Circumscription and compromise theory Roe= fields & levels. & how parenting influences needs in career of choice. Donald Super = career rainbow Crites = career maturity
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _____ category: a. artistic b. conventional c. realistic d. social
b. Conventional (They value conformity, structure, rules, and feel comfortable in subordinate roles. Statisticians, bank clerks, controllers, etc. Holland's theory is a personality (or structural) theory. But has also been called a trait-and-factor approach.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works. b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working C. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working. d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development: a. informal, formal, and concrete b. fantasy (birth to 11), tentative (11-17), realistic (age 17 - early 20s) c. sensorimotor, formal, concrete d. oral, anal, and phallic
b. Fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties)
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that a. genetics play a very minor role in a career choice. b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. c. genetics are important while upbringing is not. d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.
b. Genetics help determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice (Career choice is influenced by: genetics, parent-child interactions, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education & intelligence.
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be a. Richard N Bolle's What Color Is Your Parachute b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website c. any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature d. Choices and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as SIGI "What Is The COlor of Your Parachute = bestselling hunting book of alltime Choices = software for HS to make career choices SIGI 3 = self-assessment sofwate/web based program for college students
b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website
All of the following are difficulties with career testing: a. stereotyping. b. the tests all take at least 3 hours to administer c. the counselor may rely too heavily on test results d. many tests are biased in favor of white middle class clients.
b. the tests all take at least 3 hours to administer usually most only take 1 hour.
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position a. "Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother's attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?" b. "Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I'd say you should be optimistic and go for the position. " c. "Let's be rational. A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality." d. "In most cases, a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?"
c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences b. personal rules. c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes d. the Self-Directed Search
c. Alternatives and the probability of outcomes
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives. b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment. c. Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.
c. Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice: a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need d. based on the work of Pavlov
c. Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area - who were the first to forsake the matching models - were a. Super and Roe b. Hoppock and Holland c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, & Herma d. Brill & Bordin
c. Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma The trait/factor approached ruled till the 1950s. But in 1951, the Ginzberg group shook things up. They were like, yo development matters in choosing an occupation. DUH. It actually takes places over a 6-10 year period. Not just based on personality.. But they said this choice is irreversible and always has the quality of compromise (Idk about all that)... 0-11: Fantasy stage.based on impulses 11-17 Tentative stage. interests & abilities are examined. 17 - early 20s: Exploration stage. this leads to crystallization. BY 1972 Ginzberg was like, you know what, this process is actually open-ended and lifelong. (Again, DUH.). SO he replaced the concept of "compromise" with "optimization": people make the best of what they have to offer and what's available on the job market
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's a. career b. lifestyle c. job or position d. occupation
c. Job or position job= a specific given position (or similar positions) within an organization. A job is a specific position or work for which you get paid. Example: an engineering technician at XYZ Company. Occupation= broader, and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (ie psychotherapist). An occupation is a type of job with the same job duties. People who work in an occupation do similar tasks and need similar training. Example: physicians, teachers, or scientists. career= broadest category because it depicts lifetime positions + LEISURE. JOC: Job, Occupation, Career (in order of specific to most general)
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of: a. Anne Roe b. Donald Super c. John Holland d. Jane Loevinger
c. John Holland
In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that a. Every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the 6 categories. b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless. c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can be best described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative d. a and b.
c. Most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI) (The Strong Interest INventory SII is based on Holland's model. Consistent profiles usually have letters that are adjacent to one another. ie: RIA vs RAE
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is: a. to see a state employment counselor for job leads b. to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads c. surfing the Web to find job leads d. securing information via ads in the newspaper
c. Securing information via ads in the newspaper WHAAAT! I WOULD HAVE SAID THE INTERNET FO SHO! Apparently in 2015, only 15% of adults find jobs online. WOW. Shocker. Some exams call this process "job-netting" lol. People out here inventing new words.
Studies indicate that: a. students receive ample vocational guidance. b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance. c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive. d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most studnets.
c. Students want more vocational guidance than they receive (Some exams will distinguish between career counseling & vocational guidance. Career counseling: it's therapy, done 1:1 with an adult outside of an educational setting. Vocational guidance: it's a developmental & educational process within a school system).
A counselor who favors a behavioristic model of career counseling would most likely: a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations b. give the client a standardized career test c. suggest a site visit to a work setting d. a and b.
c. Suggest a site visit to a work setting
Which statement is true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling a. The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job b. the approach usually relies on psychometric information c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. d. the approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as a. the recency effect b. the leniency/strictness bias c. the compensatory effect d. the spillover
c. The compensatory effect People can compensate for poor job satisfaction by excelling in other areas outside of work. Recency effect: occurs when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his/her most recent performance. only bad if the employee's good work all throughout is ignored if they mess up at the last minute. Leniency/strictness bias: when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle/average ranges. Central tendency bias: only rating people in the middle/average
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child a. experiences neurosis or psychosis b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) towards people or away from people. d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.
c. Will develop a personality which gravitates (i,e. moves) toward people or away from people
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or a. Be widowed and seeking employment; b. be divorced and seeking employment c. a and b. d. none of the above.
c. a and b. : Be widowed and seeking employment; be divorced and seeking employment
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests: a. positive transference. b. negative transference c. counselor bias based on gender bias d. sex-wage discrimination.
c/ Counselor bias based on gender bias women counselors also do this! As usual, upholding the patriarchy.
The model Krumboltz suggested is a) a human capital theory. b) an accident theory of career development. c) a status attainment theory. d) the behavioristic model of career development.
d. A behavioristic model of career development Human capital theory: people secure training & education to get the best possible income. BUT IT'S OBVIOUSLY NOT APPLICABLE TO PEOPLE OF LOWER INCOME WHO AIN'T GOT A CHOICE. Accident theory: chance factors influence our career. ie: i like my history teacher so i decided to become a history teacher. status attainment theory: children secure jobs that are equal/reflective of his family status. BUT NOT TRUE WHEN for instance, POOR KIDS ASPIRE TO GREATNESS. Krumboltz' theory= behavior/cognitive/learning. he acknowledged role of genetics but focused on learning environment. (holland's theory = personality)
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was: a. Krumboltz b. Schein c. Super d. Bordin
d. Bordin Edward Bordin felt that career choices could be used to solve unconsciousconflicts. (Krumboltz= social learning theory/COGNITIVE, genetics + environment + learning experiences + how individuals approach tasks) Schein = 8 anchors for people already in the workforce Super = 5 staged developmental self-concept model Donald Super's career model is based on the belief that self-concept changes over time and develops as a result of experience. GEEMD Growth 1-4 Exploration 15-24 Establishment 24-44 Maintenance 45-64 Decline 65+ Life roles: Homemaker, parent, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, child
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _____ is also considered a personality approach: a. Donald Super b. Robert Rosenthal c. David Wechsler d. Henry Murray
d. Henry Murray Henry Murray created the needs-press thoery and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan). This means that the occupation is used to meet a person's current need. Rosenthal is famous for his research on the "experimenter effect." David Wechscler: well-known for creating the Weschler Intelligence Scales.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman a. generally has children before entering the workforce b. rarely if ever has children c.is not self-reliant d. Is typically secure in her career before she has children
d. Is typically secure in her career before she has children
Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in _____ positions while women often have _____: a. nursing; physicians' positions b. pink-collar; executive positions c. CEO; positions as financial advisors d. labor & executive positions; pink-collar jobs
d. Labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs white collar: professional/administrative blue collar: skilled labor pink collar: jobs dominated by women. ie: waitressing, secretary, childcare worker, teacher in HS, beautician
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the: a. Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b. Binet and the Wechsler c. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the MInnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d . Minnesota Occupational Ruling Scales
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
A counselor who is interested in trend in the job market should consult the: a. State Department of Economic Regulation or the Department of INsurance, Financial Institutions, and Professional Regulations b. SOC c. SIC d. OOH
d. OOH (focuses on trends and outlook in a jobr market) Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC) = codes job clusters (teachers, librarians, counselors) via similar worker function. helpful for counselor who wants to find additional occupations that a worker may already be trained for or could get additional training for. Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC) = classifies businesses by the type of activity they are engaged in (type of product/service).
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized: a. only since the late 1950s. b. only since the late 1960s. c. only since nondirective counseling became popular. d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
d. Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean: a. the client is having fun at work or away from work. b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work. c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work. d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
d. The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations (avocation: a leisure activity one engages in for pleasure instead of money career: sometimes defined as the total work one does in a lifetime + leisure)
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the: a. cognitive therapy movement b. humanistic psychology movement. c. individual psychology movement. d. Trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
d. Trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling REMEMBER: Aptitude test = whether or not you could perform skills with proper training/experience. THEY MEASURE POTENTIAL. achievement test: whether you are good at the skill (ie math, music, law etc.)
Lifestyle includes a) work. b) leisure. c) style of living. d) all of the above.
d. Work; leisure; style of living leisure aka "avocational"
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is A. Based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types; B. self-administered; c. self-scored and self-interpreted d. all the above.
d. all the above: based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types; self-administered; self-scored and self-interpreted John Holland did this in 1970 to help those who couldn't afford professional career counseling. Provides 3 letter codes based on RIASEC. ie: AIC Not suitable for uneducated/illliterate/disturbed people. But Form E is for people who have limited reading skills or don't have HS education. It's shorter, and does not use words beyond 4th grade level. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PEOPLE WHO STRUGGLE MAKING DECISIONS lol. Should have known.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that" a. job selection is a long-term development process. b. testing is an important part of the counseling process. c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job. d. b and c.
d. b and c. Testing is an important part of the counseling process; a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
In terms of the labor market: a. music is very effective in increasing workers' output. b. the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as the salary goes up. c. the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases. d. b and c.
d. b and c. The number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up; the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with a. Parsons & Williamson. b. Roe and Brill. c. Holland and Super. d. Tiedeman & O'Hara
a. Frank Parsons and Edmund Griffith (E.G.) Williamson
Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _____ type a. investigative b. social c. enterprising d. artistic
a. Investigative They like to think their way through a problem. ie: scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians, philosophers
