Chapter 7 Child Growth and Learning

C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration.

In Rothbart's model of temperament, ____________ A) distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. B) persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension. C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration. D) the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions and intensity of reaction.

D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

In which of Bowlby's phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver's goals? A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.

Infants' emotional expressions are _____ A) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences. B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable. C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic. D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.

A) attachment.

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to experience pleasure and joy when they interact with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies _________ A) attachment. B) goodness of fit. C) temperament. D) sociocultural theory.

C) construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence.

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children ___ A) learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during stress. B) move from secure attachment to insure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment. C) construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence. D) commonly develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles before settling into a secure attachment.

C) quality of caregiving.

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the __ A) quantity of food offered. B) amount of oral stimulation provided. C) quality of caregiving. D) availability of self-soothing.

B) basic trust versus mistrust.

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is ___ A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) basic trust versus mistrust. C) initiative versus guilt. D) industry versus inferiority.

B) empathy.

Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying A) an internal working model. B) empathy. C) a categorical self. D) social referencing.

B) "attachment in the making"

Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit? A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states? A) happiness and sadness B) fullness and hunger C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation D) happiness and fear

D) interactional synchrony.

Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, "Ball!" Ashley's father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, "That's right! Ball!" In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in ___ A) attachment in the making. B) social referencing. C) goodness of fit. D) interactional synchrony.

D) favorable development and adjustment in cultures as diverse as the United States.

Beginning in early childhood, capacity for effortful control predicts ________ A) outcomes such as low academic achievement and moral immaturity. B) characteristics such as timidity, meekness, and fearfulness of social situations. C) the ability to engage in group participation through adolescence and adulthood. D) favorable development and adjustment in cultures as diverse as the United States.

B) encourage selective and sustained attention

Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification. A) alternate using threats and bribes B) encourage selective and sustained attention C) emphasize independence and autonomy from an early age D) provide long, detailed reasons for waiting

A) fathers' warmth contributes greatly to children's long-term favorable development.

Cross-cultural research demonstrates that __________ A) fathers' warmth contributes greatly to children's long-term favorable development. B) fathers who devote little time to physical caregiving do not express much parental warmth. C) mothers' and fathers' relationships with their partners and with their children are not linked. D) fathers' warmth cannot protect children against emotional and behavioral problems.

Preattachment (birth to 6 weeks)- built in signals (grasping, smiling, crying) help bring newborn into close contact with other humans. Babies recognize their mother's voice and smell, but aren't attached to her yet. "Attachment in the making" (6 weeks to 8 months)- infants respond differently to a caregiver than a stranger. Infants begin a sense of trust but are not affected yet when separated from their mother. "Clear-cut attachment" (8 months to 2 years)- in many cultures, separation anxiety increases. Infants try hard to maintain their mother's presence. Formation of a reciprocal relationship (2 years and up)- separation protest declines because they can understand language as to why their parent is leaving the room. Children negotiate with their caregiver

Describe Bowlby's four phases of attachment.

Basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting. If children don't have trust in caregivers after a few years, and they don't have a healthy sense of individuality, they will have adjustment problems

Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.

Parent's often look for differences between siblings and parents often view siblings as more distinct than other people do. In a study of identical twins, parents rated them as less alike in temperament. With fraternal twins, parents viewed them as opposite in temperament. This emphasizes each child's unique qualities

Describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a child's temperament.

B) is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.

Effortful control _______________ A) requires adult instruction and modeling. B) is regarded as a major dimension of temperament. C) plays a limited role in mental and social development. D) is an ability that is present at birth.

C) implicit sense of self-world differentiation.

Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This discrimination reflects an A) explicit sense of self-world differentiation. B) internal working model. C) implicit sense of self-world differentiation. D) external working model.

D) voluntary, effortful management of emotions.

Emotional self-regulation requires _____________ A) emotional contagion. B) goodness of fit. C) automatic processing of information. D) voluntary, effortful management of emotions.

C) increase; both frequency and intensity

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________ in __________. A) decrease; both frequency and intensity B) increase; intensity but decrease in frequency C) increase; both frequency and intensity D) increase; frequency but decrease in intensity

A) provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents _____ A) provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices. B) use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques. C) employ an authoritarian child-rearing style. D) employ a permissive child-rearing style.

D) Tyson, age 4

Observation of which of the following children is likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament? A) Quinn, a newborn B) Ava, age 12 months C) Samantha, age 2 D) Tyson, age 4

C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance.

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that A) girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control. B) boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive. C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance. D) boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.

B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures.

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that A) heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and personality. B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures. C) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup. D) heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.

A) temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems.

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that A) temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing psychological problems. B) because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children's emotional styles. C) temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life. D) the psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.

C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

Results of Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that A) about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty. B) nearly all of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles as they get older. C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time. D) as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable.

C) in the middle; second

Self-conscious emotions appear __________ of the __________ year. A) in the middle; first B) at the end; first C) in the middle; second D) at the end; second

D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases? A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that _________ A) it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life. B) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems. C) late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted. D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

The ethological theory of attachment ____________ A) suggests that the infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships. B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. C) emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds. D) suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner.

C) does not differentiate between types of insecurity.

The Attachment Q-Sort A) is not suitable for children between 1 and 5 years. B) is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation. C) does not differentiate between types of insecurity. D) taps fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.

B) is evoked by parent-child interaction.

The social smile _____ A) first appears during REM sleep. B) is evoked by parent-child interaction. C) emerges during the second week of life. D) first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.

A) an internal working model.

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed _______ A) an internal working model. B) effortful control. C) interactional synchrony. D) a categorical self.

A) a categorical self.

Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop A) a categorical self. B) empathy. C) self-conscious emotions. D) scale errors.

The easy child (40%)- quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. The difficult child (10%)- is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and reacts negatively. The slow-to-warm-up child (15%)- is inactive, shows mild reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Not all children fit in one of these categories. 35% showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain.

A) stranger anxiety.

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting A) stranger anxiety. B) avoidant attachment. C) insecure attachment. D) separation anxiety.

A) effortful control.

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying A) effortful control. B) an implicit sense of self-world differentiation. C) a categorical self. D) an explicit body self-awareness.

A) guilt, shame, and pride

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? A) guilt, shame, and pride B) shame, doubt, and fear C) embarrassment, pride, and sadness D) envy, happiness, and disgust

A) Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented

Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care? A) Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented B) Sonya, whose attachment is secure C) Anthony, whose attachment is avoidant D) Riley, whose attachment is resistant

A) a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life

Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children? A) a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life B) lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli C) lower levels of saliva concentrations of cortisol D) a drop in blood pressure when faced with novelty

D) Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.

Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research? A) Mothers of resistant infants tend to be overstimulating and intrusive. B) Securely attached infants often receive inconsistent care. C) Persistently depressed mothers tend to promote an avoidant attachment classification. D) Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.

C) The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true? A) The best current evidence confirms that use of nonparental care during the first year affects attachment security. B) Infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems. C) The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences. D) Exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than does parenting quality.

B) One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true? A) All subsequent theories rejected the basic outlines of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. B) One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development. C) Psychoanalytic theorists' emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is largely accepted by contemporary researchers. D) Psychoanalytic theory has modern cross-cultural implications because contemporary researchers have psychoanalyzed individuals from all over the world.