Chapter 7-Circulatory System

name the 10 structures that a clot would travel through on its way from the left femoral vein (1) to the lung (10)

1. left femoral vein 2. left external iliac vein 3. left common iliac vein 4. inferior vena cava 5. right atrium 6. right AV valve. 7. right ventricle 8. pulmonic valve 9. pulmonary arteries and 10. lungs

The circulatory system includes two types of transport systems:

1. the cardiovascular system 2. they lymphatic system

Normal blood pressure

120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

an avg pulse is about ? beats per minute

72

when shut, ? valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria.

AV valves

when the ventricles are full the ? close, causing them to contract and make the first heart sound.

AV valves

the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the?

Aortic valve

? transport blood from the capillaries in the lungs-where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen- to capillaries throughout the body, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

Arteries and Veins

Which valves lie between the atria and the ventricles?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

AV valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Bicuspid Valve- it has two flaps.

? are they liquid mediums in which the materials are transported.

Blood and lymmph

the arch of the aorta contains three branches

Brachiocephalic trunk , then the left common carotid artery, and lastly the left subclavian artery.

the ?, which includes the blood vessels (arteries and veins) and the heart, transports blood throughout the body.

Cardiovascular System

the ? artery runs deep along the length of the thigh, passes posteriorly through the adductor hiatus, an opening in the insertion of the adductor magnus muscle and enters the popliteal fossa on the posterior side of the knee. Here, its name changes to the ? artery.

Femoral Popliteal

? function by allowing blood to flow through the heart in only one direction. they lead into and out of the ventricles

Heart Valves

The ? helps the immune system by filtering bacteria, viruses, waste products, and other foreign matter and by producing specific antibodies that help the immune system fight infection and defend against invasion by foreign material.

Lymphatic System

the ? transports oxygen-depleted blood from the body through the right side of the heart (right atrium, right ventricle) to the lungs via the ? arteries.

Pulmonary Circuit, Pulmonary arteries

The SL valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs is called ?

Pulmonary Valve

these valves prevent blood from flowing backward into the heart

Pulmonary and Aortic Valve (SL valves)

The second heart sound (dub) is heard when which valves close?

SL valves

the ? loops through the left side of the heart (left atrium, left ventricle), out to the rest of the body via the aorta and branching arteries, and then to capillary beds.

Systemic Circuit

? is the highest pressure in an artery at the moment when the heart beats and pumps blood through the body. Its the first sound heard through the stethoscope.

Systolic pressure

is the pump that pushes blood through the arteries and veins.

The heart

The cardiovascular system operates two different and distinct circuits or loops. They are ?

The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

is a group of disorders involving compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein within in the spaced called the thoracic outlet

Thoracic outlet syndrome

a. the first heart sound (lub) is heard when which valves close?

a. AV valves

The left AV valve has two other names. a. referring to the number of flaps, it is called the ? valve. b. referring to its shape, it is called the ? valve.

a. bicuspid valve b. mitral valve

a. Veins carry which type of blood? (oxygenated/deoxygenated) b. what is the exception? c.Arteries carry which type of blood? d. what is the exception?

a. deoxygenated b. pulmonary veins c. oxygenated d. pulmonary arteries

a. which pressure is lowest in an artery? when does it occur? b. which pressure is highest in an artery? when does it occur?

a. diastolic pressure (lowest)occurs when the heart relaxes between beats. b. Systolic pressure (highest) occurs while the heart contracts

Does the lymph in an afferent or efferent lymph vessel contain more impurities?

afferent lymph vessel

is an abnormal outward bulging or balooning that is often caused by a weakened area in the wall.

aneurysm

the ? and ? veins drain the foot and lower leg before emptying into the popliteal vein.

anterior and posterior tibial and fibular veins

Just distal to the knee the popliteal artery divides into the ? and ? arteries. These arteries run down the anterior and posterior aspects of the tibia, branching off in numerous places.

anterior and posterior tibial arteriers

the largest artery is the ? and the smallest ones are called ?

aorta, arterioles

After the branches of the arch , the ? turns downward and becomes the ?

aorta, descending aorta.

? walls must be very strong, muscular, and elastic to withstand the great pressure to which they are subjected

arterial walls of arteries

? carry blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body's tissues.

arteries

there are three basic type of blood vessels, they are ?

arteries, veins, and capillaries.

a condition that will slow blood flow is ? or "hardening" of the arteries. It is especially a problem in the legs and feet. The vessel wall becomes less elastic and cannot dilate to allow greater blood flow when needed

arteriosclerosis

the ? leaves the left ventricle of the heart, passes upward, and arches above the heart.

ascending aorta

a type of arterosclerosis, is when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel

atherosclerosis

The two top chambers of the heart are called

atria

the ?, which receive blood from veins, have relatively thin muscular walls, because they are required to propel blood only into the ventricles.

atria

The aorta's huge diameter largely protects itself from ? although high pressure within the aorta can make it susceptible to an ?

blockage by clots, aneurysm

the ? is the major blood source for the right arm and right side of the head. This artery is very short, but its pathway allows the right-sided arteries to cross over the heart to the right side, where it divides into the ?

brachiocephalic trunk right carotid and right subclavian arteries

lymph capillaries are found in a. brain b. bone c. muscles d. none of the above

c. muscle

all exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the

capillaries

arteries and veins generally run parallel throughout the body, connected with a weblike network of ?

capillaries

form the link between arterioles and venules. they are microscopic, with walls only one endothelial cell layer thick.

capillaries

It is here in the ? that oxygenated blood is exchanged for deoxygenated blood, which then returns to the heart through a series of veins.

capillary beds

deoxygenated blood is rich in and poor in

carbon dioxide, oxygen

is a series of mechanical events.

cardiac cycle

the ? veins which essentially parallel the coronary arteries at the tributaries that drain most of the myocardium, emptying into the coronary sinus.

cardiac veins

the ? travels up the neck, whereas the ? go to the upper extremities

carotid arteries, subclavian arteries

There are three main groups of regional lymph nodes:

cervical (neck) axillary (upper extremity) inguinal (lower extremity)

superficial lymph drainage goes into what three regional lymph node groups?

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regional nodes

The cardiovascular system is considered a ? system

closed

the heart is approx the size of a ?

closed fist

what are the three main functions of lymph vessels?

collect, filter, and return lymph to the bloodstream

The pulse of which artery can be felt in the neck?

common carotid artery

is a condition in which the heart cant pump strongly enough to push an adaquate supply of blood out to the various parts of the body. As blood flowing from the heart slows blood returning to the heart through the veins back up causing congestion in body's tissues. This often results in edema especially in the feet ankles and lungs.

congestiive heart failure

when the right atrium relaxes, blood rushes out of the superior and inferior vena cavae and into the right atrium. once filled, the atrium ?

contract, greatly reducing the size of the chamber.

immediately branching off the ascending aorta art the right and left ? which supply blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) itself.

coronary arteries

the ? is the largest venous vessel of the heart and empties directly into the right atrium

coronary sinus

? blood is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

deoxygenated blood

is the lowest pressure in an artery between successive heartbeats, when heart sounds cannot be heard

diastolic pressure

At the ankle on the dorsum of the foot, a branch called the ? artery can be palpated and a pulse felt.

dorsalis pedis artery

because lymph is really transported only from the periphery to the subclavian veins and not back to the periphery, one should think of lymph ? rather than lymph circulation

drainage

is a blood clot (or other foreign matter, such as air fat or tumor) that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of the body through ever smaller vessels until becoming wedged, causing an obstruction.

embolism

occur in arteries therefore symptoms develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel

epidural bleeds

the head and neck regions are drained mostly by what two veins?

external and internal jugular

At the inguinal ligament, the main artery and vein change name from ? (proximally) to ? (distally)

external iliac artery and vein to femoral artery and vein

the ? vein receives blood from the abdominal wall and from the lower extremity via the femoral vein.

external iliac vein

the heart is made up of ? separate chambers and is divided into ?

four right and left halves

the ? provides the pumping force to move blood through blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)

heart

is an extra or unusual heart sound in addition to the normal lub-dub sounds heard during a heart contraction.

heart murmer

occur when the heart valves close

heart sounds

the ? is not directly responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. that function is carried out in the ?

heart, lungs

(bleeding) occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of the closed system

hemorrhage

On the venous side, the ? travels with the descending aorta through the trunk.

inferior vena cava

the ? is formed at approximately the fifth lumbar vertebra by the confluence of the right and left common iliac veins

inferior vena cava

Circulation of the lower extremity begins as the external iliac artery and vein pass under the ? ligament and become the ? artery and vein.

inguinal ligament femoral

the ? vein receives blood from the viscera and the pelvic region

internal iliac vein

The heart is largely an ? muscle

involuntary

What happens after the dexoygenated blood enters the right atrium.

it passes through the right AV (tricuspid) valve into the right ventricle. Blood is pumped out of the right ventricle and through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arteries and then on to the lungs.

The clot breaks loose in a leg artery, where will it end up?

it will end up distal to its origin in a leg artery or an arteriole small enough in diameter to prevent its passage

if a clot breaks loose in a leg vein, where will it end up?

it will end up in one of the pulmonary arteries (or arterioles) in the lung because it will travel until reaching a vessel with a small enough diameter to prevent further passage

The second and third branches off the aortic arch are the ?

left common and left subclavian arteries

the major blood supply to the left side of the head and left arm

left common and left subclavian arteries

To complete the lymph drainage, the thoracic duct enters the venous circulation at the

left subclavian vein

this ventricle pumps blood to to all areas of the body

left ventricle

the ? ventricle is approx three times thicker than the ? ventricle. Why?

left, right its necessary to withstand the greater pumping force needed to push blood out to all areas of the body.

the external iliac arteries supply the ?, whearas the internal iliac arteries supply the ? (2)

lowers limbs viscera and pelvis

it is in the ? that carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen

lungs

The ? is made up of lymph vessels and nodes. It collects excess extracellular as lymph and transports it from the periphery to the venous system, thereby helping the cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure.

lymphatic system

the cervical, axillary, and inguinal nodes drain into the jugular, subclavian, and lumbar ? respectively

lymphatic trunks

accumulation of excess lymph and swelling, a condition known as

lymphedema

The heart is contained in the ?

middle portion of the thoracic cavity known as the mediastinum

The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ?

mitral valve

heart attack

myocardial infarction

arteries and veins tend to run together throughout the body but in ?

opposite directions

is an inflammation of a vein

phlebitis

The blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs are the ?. Those that transport blood from the lungs to the heart are the ?

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

When blood reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen before returning to the left side of the heart via the ?

pulmonary veins

with the exception of ? veins, all veins carry ? blood toward the heart

pulmonary veins, deoxygenated

oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the ? veins and in the heart's ? atrium. from there what happens ?

pulmonary veins, left atrium from the left atrium blood passes through the left AV (bicuspid valve) and into the left ventricle. the left ventricle pumps blood out of the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and then out to the entire body.

the semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle is also called the ? valve. The valve located at the exit of the left ventricle is called the ? valve.

pulmonic valve, aortic valve

a ?is the "throbbing" that can be felt at various locations in the body, caused by the contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes by a particular spot

pulse

because arteries carry blood away from the heart that blood tends to be ?. they exception is ?

rich in oxygen pulmonary arteries- carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs.

At approximately the fourth lumbar vertebra, the descending aorta divides into the ? which in turn divide into the ? arteries

right and left common iliac arteries external and internal iliac arteries

is by far the smaller of the two ducts. It is only about 1-2 inches long and is located at the base of the neck on the right side. only the right head and neck, the right upper extremity, and the right upper trunk empty into this duct, which them empties into the right subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct

this ventricle pumps blood from the heart to the lungs

right ventricle

The ? side of the heart pumps ? blood to the lungs, and the ? side of the heart pumps ? throughout the body

right, deoxygenated left, oxygenated

which valves lie between the ventricles and arteries leading out of the heart

semilunar (SL) valves

regardless of where in the body blood travels after leaving the heart, it gets there through a series of ever ? and returns via a series of ever ?

smaller arteries, larger veins

manual , rhythmic pressing and releasing on the ? creates pressure differences within the thoracic cavity and allows blood to be pumped though the heart

sternum

the heart lies between the ? and ?

sternum and the vertebral column

at what point does lymph drain into the vascular system?

subclavian vein

occur in veins which are under less pressure so symptoms tend to develop more slowly

subdural bleeds

? drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue, forming a vast network that eventually drains into the deep lymph vessels.

superficial lymph vessels

the largest veins are the ? and the smallest are the

superior and inferior vena cava, venules

Deoxygenated blood from the peripheral tissues of the body returns to the heart via the ? and enters the right atrium.

superior and inferior vena cavae

Blood pressure is highest during the contraction phase (?) and lowest when the ventricles relax and fill with blood (?)

systole, diasole

The contraction of the atrium causes ?

the blood to drive into the ventricle

Traveling in the opposite direction in the lower extremity are two main venous systems. They are

the deep and superficial systems.

the ? runs down through the trunk to supply the lower extremities with multiple branches along the way to supply the trunk area as well.

the descending aorta

the thoracic cavity contains ?

the heart and lungs

all of the chest organs except the ? are contained within the mediastinum

the lungs

the ? actually folds in the inner layer of the veins, usually arranged in two cusps. they allow blood to flow toward the heart but they fill and come together to occlude the vessel when blood tries to reverse its direction of flow.

the valves

When the SL valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles what happens ?

the ventricles relax making the second heart sound

the rest of the body's lymph empties into the ? duct. for the most part, this includes the entire left side of the body as well as the right side below the diaphragm. all deep lympatics in the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and lower extremities enter this duct.

thoracic duct

which lymph duct drains a larger area of the body?

thoracic duct

occurs when a clot causes inflammation in a vein

thrombophlebitis

is the formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel

thrombosis

Because the AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle has three flaps its called the

tricuspid valve

the right atrioventricular (AV) valve is also referred to as the ? valve.

tricuspid valve

Valves are more common in the ? than in the ? They are also more common in the ? veins than in the ?

upper extremities than the lower extremities deeper veins than in the superficial ones

name five mechanisms that help move lymph from the periphery to the venous system.

valves, lymph angion, squeezing action of muscles, movement of diaphragm, and good posture

occur as the blood pools in the vein, enlarging it even more. This condition is more common in superficial veins of the leg because standing subjects them to higher pressure

varicose veins

? carry blood toward the heart

veins

? tend to be larger in diameter, have thinner walls, and are less elastic than ?

veins, arteries

larger than the atria, the ? have thicker walls that provide a greater pumping force.

ventricle

the two bottom chambers of the heart are called

ventricles