Chapter 7

In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals?

variable-interval

Approximately _____ percent of U.S. network and cable television programs feature violence.

60

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the conditioned response.

fear of the white rat

Psychologists define _____ as the process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience.

Learning

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called _____.

Learning

Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative learning

Respondent behavior is BEST described as:

automatic

The familiar parental adage, "Do as I say, not as I do" teaches children to:

be hypocritical

In a typical experiment by Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

An animal can learn the predictability of an event.

Which individual was NOT an early theorist in associative learning?

Sigmund Freud

In their dismissal of mentalistic concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

cognitive

Evaluate the traditional learning theories—namely, classical and operant conditioning—in light of the biopsychosocial model. It is MOST accurate to say that traditional learning theories _____ influences.

neglected sociocultural

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior

Newton ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating the pizza. Years later, Newton still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. Newton has developed a(n):

taste aversion

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Bandura

Recall the textbook's discussions of biological and cognitive aspects of learning and of observational learning. Which of these psychologists or psychologist teams is matched with the correct concept?

Bandura—observational learning

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:

Cognitive learning

_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

_____ was the scientist whose experiments with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?

John Garcia

Which statement correctly classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook?

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning.

People use recreational drugs for many reasons. For example, drugs may produce euphoria. Alternatively, they may reduce distress. In the language of operant conditioning, producing euphoria is to reducing distress as _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.

Postive; Negative

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

They are opposites.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which strategy would be recommended to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she use to support her position?

When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place.

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

antisocial; prosocial

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone is called a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of the white rat was the _____ response.

conditioned

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the smell of tequila is now a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

depends on experiencing an association between a behavior and its consequence.

A rat is allowed to explore a maze for several trials. On the last trial, he finds a piece of food at the end of the maze. Having developed a cognitive map, his speed through the maze increases dramatically. This is an example of _____ learning.

latent

Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs, even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that are different than what will affect dogs and humans.

less

In Bandura's experiment, compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.

much more likely

To discourage trolls in an online chat group, Jerry blocks them. For the trolls, the blocking is a:

negative punishment

The textbook mentions that Pavlov and his associates explored five major conditioning processes. These processes do NOT include:

observation

It is well known that the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have a culture in their living groups, as they pass on skills to one another across generations. This is done through:

observational learning

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments were intended to demonstrate:

observational learning.

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates:

observational learning.

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

Ivan Pavlov

performed the original classical conditioning studies.

Checking the computer for a change in a friend's status update is generally reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule.

ratio

According to Ader and Cohen, classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research, which of these would be the MOST likely to produce this response?

repeated pairing of coffee with the immune-enhancing drug

Watson and Rayner taught Little Albert to fear white rats by:

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

taste aversion

Several years ago, Shara became violently ill after eating scallops in a restaurant. Ever since then, the mere smell of cooked shellfish makes Shara feel nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:

the smell of cooked shellfish.

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell or taste of tequila; nausea