Chapter 7 Mastering A&P - The Axial Skeletal System

How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?

12

How many ribs make up the rib cage?

24 (12 pairs)

Identify the typical number of vertebrae that fuse to during development to form the coccyx.

3-5

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

5

How many pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?

5

Name the number of vertebrae that fuse together to form the sacrum.

5

The cranial sutures begin to form at about what age?

5

How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?

7

How many vertebrae make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?

7

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

Axis (C2)

Which part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?

Body

Another name for the axis is what?

C2

True or false: Lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.

False

Name the vertebral projection oriented in a median plane.

Spinous porcess

Which thoracic vertebra is the lowest?

T12

Identify the best description of the mandibular fossa: a. a shallow depression b. an opening c. a projectoin d. a slight elevation

a. a shallow depression

Which of the following is NOT likely to cause kyphosis? a. abdominal obesity causing an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature b. abnormal vertebral growth c. chronic contraction of muscles that insert on the vertebrae d. osteoporosis with compression fractures affecting the anterior portions of the vertebral bodies

a. abdominal obesity causing an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature (would NOT cause kyphosis; exaggeration of the lumbar curve would not affect the thoracic curve)

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? a. ethmoid b. zygomatic c. maxillary d. inferior nasal concha

a. ethmoid

Why can the skull be distorted without damage during birth? a. fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones b. the brain is large enough to support the skull c. the shape and structure of the cranial elements are elastic d. fusion of the ossification centers is complete

a. fibrous connective tissues connect the cranial bones

The mucus secreted by the nasal epithelium does all of the following EXCEPT_______. a. make air flow easier b. moisten the air c. clense the air d. warm the air

a. make air flow easier (the mucus secreted by the nasal epithelium moistens the air, cleanses the air, and warms the air; it does NOT improve airflow through the nasal cavity; air slows down when it its the mucus-covered nasal conhae)

Which of these statements about the true ribs is FALSE? a. they don't move during respiration b. they are ribs one to seven c. they articulate with the sternum d. they articulate with thoracic vertebrae

a. they don't move during respiration - this is false; they DO move during respiration

The mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses responds to environmental stress by doing what?

accelerating the production of mucous

The primary spinal curves that appear late in fetal development _______.

accomodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera

The cervical vertebra that allows you to nod your head is the what?

atlas

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?

atlas (C1)

Identify that articulation that allows us to rotate our head, like when we shake our head "no."

atlas - axis

The lines, tubercles, crests, ridges, and other processes on bones represent areas that are used primarily for __________.

attachment of mucles to bone

Identify the region of the sacrum that articulates with the hip bone.

auricular surface

Identiy the best description of the mandibular condyle. a. a depression on the mandible b. a projection on the mandible c. a projection on the temporal bone d. a depression on the temporal bone

b. a projetion on the mandible

Which of the following structures pass through the foramen magnum (select all that apply) a. cranial nerve X b. cranial nerve XI c. the accessory nerve d. the internal carotid artery e. the vertebral artery

b. cranial nerve XI c. the accessory nerve e. the vertebral artery

Which bones make up the nasal septum? a. maxillar and palatine b. ethmoid and vomer c. maxilla and nasal d. sphenoid and ethmoid

b. ethmoid and vomer

Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? a. dura mater b. intervertebral discs c. spinal cord d. spinal nerve

b. intervertebral discs

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone? a. temporal b. maxilla c. frontal d. occipital

b. maxilla

Which of these is NOT a cranial bone: a. temporal b. maxilla c. parietal d. ethmoid

b. maxilla

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton? a. providing atachments for muscles that adust the position of the head, neck, and trunk b. providing attachment for muscles that move the legs and feet c. providing attachment for muscles that carry out respiratory movements d. providing attachment for muscles that stabilize and position parts of the appendicular skeleton

b. providing attachment for muscles that move the legs and feet

Which of the following bones contain auditory ossicles? a. maxilla b. temporal bone c. occipital bone d. nasal bone

b. tempral bone

Identify a unique characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra.

bifid spinous process

Identify a unique characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra.

bifid spinous process

What are alveolar processes and where are they located?

boney elevations that have sockets that hold the teeth; located on the mandibular process

Why does the most significant growth in the skull occur before 5 years of age?

by age 5, the brain stops growing and cranial sutures develop

The area of the greatest degree of flexibility along the vertebral columb is found from... a. L1 to L5 b. T1 to T6 c. C3 to C7 d. T7 to T12

c. C3 to C7

The sella turcica is best described as what? a. an elevation b. a projection c. a depression d. a hole

c. a depression

The nasal conchae.... a. protect the nerves for olfaction b. anchor muscles that adduct the eyes toward the nose c. assist in respiration and olfaction d. protect the optic nerves

c. assist in respiraton and olfaction

Which bones confuct sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear? a. occipital condyles b. maxillae c. auditory ossicles d. lacrimal bones

c. auditory ossicles

Which of the following does the sacrum NOT protect? a. urinary bladder b. uterus c. kidneys d. ovaries

c. kidneys

The bones that make up the eye socket, or orbit, include the... a. ethmoid, temporal, and zygomatic b. temporal, frontal, and sphenoid c. lacrimal, ethmoid, and maxilla d. parietal, zygomatic, and maxilla

c. lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

Which of the following collections of bones include bones that are unpaired in the skull? a. nasal and zygomatic b. lacrimal and maxillary c. occipital and frontal d. parietal and temporal

c. occipital and frontal

Identify the landmark that is not part of the sphenoid bone. a. foramina ovale b. foramina rotundus c. olfactory foramina d. optic canals

c. olfactory foramina

Which of these is NOT a spinal curve? a. cervical b. thoracic c. prominens d. sacral

c. prominens

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbital complex? a. maxillary bone b. zygomatic bone c. temporal bone d. frontal bone

c. temporal bone

Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton? a. vertebral column b. thoracic cage c. upper limb d. skull

c. upper limb

What region of the vertebral column contains the smallest vertebrae?

cervical region

The zygomatic bones are known as the what?

cheek bones

The nasal complex consists of what? a. inferior conchae b. maxilla, lacrimal bones, and ethmoidal conchae c. the frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What feature(s) allows the bony thoracic cage to increase or decrease its volume during breathing? a. articulation of ribs with vertebrae b. attachments of intercostal muscle c. articulation of ribs with sternum d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following statements about the paranasal sinuses is true? a. they connect to the nasal cavities b. they are lined with ciliated epithelium c. they make the skull bones lighter d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is the largest fontanelle and is commonly called the "soft spot" in newborn babies? a. occipital fontanelle b. sphenoidal fontanelle c. mastoid fontanelle d. anterior fontanelle

d. anterior fontanelle

Which of the following bones do NOT make up the thoracic cage? a. ribs b. thoracic vertebrae c. sternum d. clavicle

d. clavicle

The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the ______. a. pleural cavity b. abdominal cavity c. pericardial cavity d. cranial and thoracic cavities

d. cranial and thoracic cavities

Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region? a. large size overall b. bulky centrum c. blunt spinous proces d. elongated spinous process

d. elongated spinous process

Which of these regions of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach? a. body b. vertebral foramen c. pedicle d. lamina

d. lamina

Which of these projections of the ethmoid bone are most visible in the nasal cavity? a. superior nasal conchae b. inferior nasal conchae c. crista galli d. middle nasal conchae

d. middle nasal conchi (the superior nasal conchi are not visible in an articulated skull)

Which of the following is NOT part of the axial division of the skeletal system> a. skull b. sternum c. ribs d. pelvic girdle

d. pelvic girdle

The sinuses, or internal chambers of the skull, are found in the... a. sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, and lacrimal bones b. ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal, and maxillary bones c. lacrimal, vomer, ethmoid, and frontal bones d. sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

d. sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra. a. superior articular process b. lamina c. spinous process d. transverse process

d. transverse process

Which of htese bones form part of the nasal septum? a. maxillary b. inferior nasal concha c. nasal bone d. vomer

d. vomer (the inferior nasal concha project into the nasal cavity and do not form that bottom part)

If the anterior fontanelle is noticably indented in a one year old child, it is likely that the child is what?

dehydrated

Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.

demi-facet

True or false: the ethmoid bone is a facial bone.

false - it is between the orbits; it is a cranial bone

True or False: The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.

false - overall size of vertebrae increase from top to bottom

True or false: the ethmoid bone forms the inferior part of the nasal septum.

false - the perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the SUPERIOR part of the nasal septum

Identify the location of the sphenoid bone

floor of the skull

Name the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

foramen magnum

The foramen that allows the medulla of the brainstem to connect with teh spinal cord is called the what?

foramen magnum

Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum.

hyaline cartilage

Which bone does NOT articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?

hyoid bone

Identify the location of the ethmoid bone.

in between the orbits

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone

Where can the lacrimal bones be found?

in the medial wall of either of the orbits

Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.

inferior articular processes

Where is the mandibular fossa located?

inferior surfaceof the zygomatic process

The suprorbital foramen alows the passage of a nerve that does what?

innervates the upper eyelid and skin of the forehead

Spinal nerves run to and from the spinal cord within what structure?

intervertebral foramina

Compression fractures associated with osteoporosis of vertebral bodies can distort the normal thoracic curvature of the vertebral columb in a posterior direction. Such a distortion is called what?

kyphosis

Name the sutures that articulate the bones of the skull.

lambdoid coronal sagittal squamous

In some individuals, body fat accumulates almost exclusively in the belly region. Because of the enlarged belly, the individual has a swayback appearance. The clinical term for this distortion of the vertebral curvature is called what?

lordosis

Identify the shield shaped top of the sternum.

manubirum

Which bones form the medial wall of the eye orbit?

maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid

Nerves and blood vessels pass through what to reach the chin?

mental foramina

Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?

nasal

Airflow in the nasal cavity is made turbulent by ______.

nasal conchae

Foramina located on the bones of the skull serve primarily as passageways for what?

nerves and blood vessels (these foramina usually have a circular shape)

Identify the articulation that allows us to nod our head "yes."

occipital bone - atlas

Identify the area of the occipital bone that articulates with the vertebral column.

occipital condyles

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

occipital condyles

On either side of the foramen magnum are projections called what?

occipital condyles (where the skull articulates with the vertebral column)

The tiny holes in the cribriform plate are what?

olfactory foramina

What are the openings in the cribriform plates called?

olfactory foramina (olfactory nerves pass from nasal cavity to brain through these openings)

What are the superior orbital fissures?

passageways for nerves that control the muscles and that move the eyeball and innervate the soft tissues of the orbit

What are inferior oribal fissures?

passageways for the nerves that innervate the lower eyelid and upper jaw

A person suffered a fracture of the nose that resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones or bone markings is likely attended to during corrective surgery following the incident? a. perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone b. lacrimal bone c. greater wings of the sphenoid d. palatine process of the maxilla

perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Identify the location of the occipital bone.

posterior surface nad base of the cranium

The two spinal curves present at birth are called _____ curves.

primary

The facet on the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae provides an articulation site for a what?

rib

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called what?

scoliosis

Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?

sella turcica

Identify the region of the sphenoid bone in contact with the pituitary gland.

sella turcica (it has a depression where the pituitary gland sits called the hypophyseal fossa)

The vertebral column contains _____ cervical vertebrae.

seven

Air-filled cavities found in some bones of the skull are called what?

sinuses

Except for the mandible, all bones of the skull articulate at joints called _____.

sutures

Which bones of the skull form the lateral walls of the cranium, house the inner ear, articulate with the mandible, and have attachments for muscles that move the jaw and head?

temporal bones

Which fontanelle might indicate dehydratoin in an infant?

the anterior fontanelle

What part of the orbit does the sphenoid form?

the back wall of the orbit

Identify the central portion of the sternum

the body

The nasal bones make up what?

the bridge of the nose

Which spinal curve develops as an infant learns to support their head?

the cervival curve

Anterior to the mandibular notch is what?

the coronoid process

The recessed areas surrounded the crista galli are what?

the cribriform plates (cribriform=pierced with holes)

Identify the landmark the projects superiorly into the floor of the skull and serves as a site of attachment for the meminges.

the crista galli

Because of its position in the skull, there is one bone that forms part of the floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, a wall of the eye orbit, and divides the nasal cavity into two parts. Which one does all this?

the ethmoid bone

The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of which bone?

the ethmoid bone

The growth of the cranium is usually associated with what>

the expansion of the brain

The foramina rotundum and foramina ovale are both located at what landmark of the sphenoid bone?

the greater wings (they are passageways for nerves)

Identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.

the head

The associated bones of the skull include what?

the hyoid and auditory ossicles

The vomer forms what?

the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Identify the large suture on the posterior surface of the skull at the border of the occipital bone.

the lambdoid suture

What suture is at the top of the occipital bone?

the lambdoid suture

Identify the region of the sphenoid bone that contains the optic canal.

the lesser wings

What forms the lower jaw?

the mandible

The mandibular body and ramus meet where?

the mandibular angle

Indentify the region of the mandible that forms part of the tempromandibular joint.

the mandibular condyle (it fits into a place on the skull called the mandibular fossa)

Which region of the mandible articulates with the cranium?

the mandibular condyle (superior posterior part of the mandibular bone)

Which mandibular landmark is not visible from an anterior view?

the mandibular foramina

Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible.

the mandibular fossa

Anterior to the mandibular condyle is a u-shaped notch called what?

the mandibular notch

The region of the mandible that anchors the coronoid process is the what?

the mandibular ramus

The maxilla articulates with the zygomatic bone, but forms what part of the orbit?

the maxilla forms the orbital floor

Sinusitis, an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, is brought on by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. The most commonly affected paranasal sinuses are the most inferior ones, which are called what?

the maxillary sinuses

Where are the mandibular foramina located?

the medial surfaces of the mandibular rami (they permit the passageway of nerves carrying sensations from the lower teeth)

Which landmark is composed of fused spinous processes?

the meidan sacral crest

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

the nasal bones

The inferior nasal conchae are individual bones that can be found projecting into what?

the nasal cavity

Which bone forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium and contains a large opening called the foramen magnum?

the occipital bone

Identify the cranial nerve that passes through the olfactory foramina.

the olfactory nerve

The optic nerve pass through which bone marking of the sphenoid bone?

the optic canal

The passageway that allows the optic nerve to reach the eyeball for the sense of vision is the what?

the optic canal

The palatine bones are at the posterior border of what?

the palatine processes of the maxillary bones (and form the posterior region of the hard palat)

The lambdoid suture is where the occipital bone fuses with what?

the parietal bones

The sagittal suture joins what?

the parietal bones together

Looking into the nasal cavity there is an inferior projection of the ethmoid bone (centered on mid line). What is it?

the perpindicular plate

Which part of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum?

the perpindicular plate

The frontal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone and forms what part of the eyelid?

the roof of the eyelid

Identify the bony posterior wall of the pelvis.

the sacrum

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?

the scaral region

What feature of the skeleton eventually allow a child to maintain balance while walking and running?

the secondary curves of the vertebral column

The perpindicular plate forms what part of the nasal septum?

the superior part of the nasal septum

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?

the thoracic region

Humans are distinguished from many animals by having an upright body position. Whta parts of the sksleton help us to maintain that upright body position?

the vertebral column

When administering CPR, one structure that serves as both a landmark and a cause for concern is what?

the xiphoid process

Which bone forms the lateral wall and rim of the eye orbit?

the zygomatic bone

The maxillary fuse together at the _____ to form the _____.

they fuse together at the midline to form the upper jaw

The spinous processes are especially long on what vertebrae?

thoracic vertebrae

Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.

transverse costal facet (this is the slight depression found on the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra which contact the tubercle of a rib as the rib extends laterally)

The ribs articulate with the _______.

transverse costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae

Foramina located in the ____ is a characteristic of cervical vretebrae.

transverse processes - the transverse foramina in the transverse processes house the vertebral arteries that bring oxygenated blood to the brian

True or false: The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra from the lumbar region.

true

True or false: the ethmoid bone is part of the axial skeleton.

true

True or false: the sphenoid bone contains a sinus.

true

Identify the region of the rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.

tubercle

The weight-bearing region of a vertebra is the what?

vertebral body

What is the tempromandibular joint?

where the lower jaw articulates with the skull