Chapter 7

During the past half-century, global food production has ________ world population growth.

grown at a faster rate than

Industrial agriculture ________.

has increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area

Green Revolution techniques ________.

have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable

When decomposers break down organic molecules, a dark crumbly organic material called __________ that improves soil quality is formed.

humus

Which of the following agricultural systems would be most susceptible to diseases or pests?

monocultures

Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________.

pests can evolve defenses against pesticides

Seed banks are important for ________.

protecting genetic diversity

Leaching ________.

removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil

Which of the following can be caused by irrigation of cropland?

salinization

To make organic fertilizer by composting, you should not include ________.

shredded plastic and metals (got wrong)

The Conservation Reserve Program pays farmers to ________.

stop cultivating highly erodible land

Organic agriculture implies farming techniques that use NO __________.

synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, or herbicides

Globally, approximately how many people are undernourished?

800 millon

Which of the following soil horizons is most severely affected by erosion?

A

Forested land in the Amazon basin is currently being cleared for agriculture, just as land in the Midwestern U.S. was cleared for agriculture in the 19th century. The growth of plants is influenced by soil fertility, the naturally-occurring concentration of plant nutrients in the soil. Which statement below do you think best describes the relative soil fertility levels in Amazonian soils and soils in the agricultural Midwest?

Amazonian soils have lower fertility than Midwestern soils

Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide.

FOURFOLD

_________________ is any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the laboratory by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA.

Genetic engineering

Which of the following revolutions came about as a response to our dramatically rising human population numbers?

Green Revolution

Which of the following was a positive environmental aspect of the Flavr Savr tomato?

It is grown using less chemicals because it is less likely to rot.

raising which of the following requires the most land and water?

beef cattle

Managing crop competitors and pests has been challenging to agronomists for centuries. One approach, integrated pest management, ________.

combines synthetic chemical pesticides with biocontrol technique

A:Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960. B:Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960. C:In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____. D:Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____. E:Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply?

A: 200% B: 667% C:there is not enough data to determine the answer. (got wrong) D:the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time E:Higher food production per unit of agricultural land

A:How could these data be best represented graphically? B: !!!! just look at the question and do this one . its easy. E:Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase?

A: Bar graph C: . The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by HOUSEHOLD STORAGE AND PREPERATION 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or 3.5 quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in TRANSPORTATION by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in TRANSPORTATION. (got wrong) 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in household storage and preparation. 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost 8 times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output. D: Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. False Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. True Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. True Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. False Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. True As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. True E: -Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores. -Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients.

A:Using the most reliable information available, how much of the Earth's land surface is used for agriculture today? B:As the global human population continues to rise, increased food production will most likely come from __________. C:About 100 years ago, agricultural production in the United States tripled due to __________. D:Despite increased agricultural production by developed countries about 100 years ago, less developed countries continued to use traditional agricultural practices. Then, in the 1960s, the research of Dr. Norman Borlaug increased crop production by nearly 500% in Mexico and India by using __________.

A:30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery B:increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture C:the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery D:All of the above responses are correct.

A:Approximately how much more soil was lost using conventional tillage rather than reduced tillage? B:How much more organic carbon would be saved annually by using reduced tillage? C: What percentage more nitrogen would be saved annually by using reduced tillage rather than conventional tillage? D:Part complete Given that annual crop yields in each of the study plots were approximately 4 metric tons/ha, what is the ratio of soil lost to crop yield under conventional tillage? E:Predict how the results of this experiment might vary if repeated in a less mountainous region with lower annual rainfall.

A:5,000 kg/ha B:70 kg/ha C: 37% D:4,000 kg soil/1 ton crop yield E:Lower soil loss for both conventional and reduced tillage treatments

A:You study corn and find it shows the same response as Arabidopsis plants. Which of the following did you observe? B:If this research proves correct, in the future crops could be given a probiotic to do what in order to use phosphate more effectively? C:You wish to study the symbiotic relationship between certain bacteria and plants related to phosphate availability. Which of the following would be best for you to study? D:The way it is currently used, phosphate is a component of which of the following? E:Part complete According to this research, which of the following is true for Arabidopsis plants?

A:As less phosphate is available, corn shows a decreased immune response. B: Activate PHR1 and PHL1 C:The soil/root interface D:Seeds(got wrong) E:Even in a phosphate-rich environment, microbes can entice plants to turn on the phosphate stress response. (got wrong)

A:Which of the following is most likely to push for less restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids? B:Are neonicotinoids currently used in the United States? C :Which of the following is true of plants whose seeds are soaked in neonicotinoids? D:You wish to have neonicotinoids banned from use in the U.S. Which of the following agencies in charge of that decision should you contact? E:Which of the following is least likely to be directly affected by neonicotinoids?

A:Syngenta(got wrong) B: yes C:All of the plant tissues will be lethal to insects D:Environmental Protection Agency E: grasshopper (gotwrong )

A:What type of agriculture is found in most of this region? B:Oasis and irrigated agriculture are found most often __________. C:Which climate supports little or no agriculture? D: the Nile River supports significant amounts of __________. E:The midlatitude steppe climate supports mostly which type of agriculture?

A:pastoral nomadism B: near larger cities C:tropical and subtropical desert D:oasis and irrigated agriculture E:pastoral nomadism

Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?

The production of beef and pork is resource-intensive. (got wrong)

Which of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

The removal of native prairie plants.

Why have most bioengineered crops been modified for "resistance" traits?

These traits have the economic potential to save on production costs.

Which of the following would be considered a monoculture?

a 100-acre field, all of which is planted with the same variety of corn

Which process not only controls erosion, but can also help to replenish soil nutrients?

crop rotation

Place the following list of steps into the correct sequence for creating a genetically modified organism. a) The gene is transferred to the target organism. b) The bacteria containing the recombinant DNA are allowed to reproduce. c) The gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid. d) A plasmid is isolated from a strain of bacteria. e) The plasmid containing the recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria. f) The gene of interest is isolated from the cell of an organism.

dfceba

The results of overapplying fertilizer can include ________.

eutrophication in nearby waterways

The use of biocontrol runs the risk of __________.

the control agent negatively impacting other species besides the species needing to be controlled

Swidden agriculture is necessary in rainforests for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________.

the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth

Factors involved in soil formation include ________.

weathering of parent material and the addition of organic material

No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.

with steeply sloped fields