Chapter 7 Middle Childhood

The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary of how many words?

10,000

How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during middle childhood?

2 to 3

When sibling conflict was studied (e.g., Kramer et al., 1999), it was found that sibling conflict occurred once every ______ minutes they were together.

20 minutes

in Europe, what percentage of children with ADHD are medicated?

25%

According to one estimate, ______ of children in divorced families have serious problems in at least one aspect of functioning in middle childhood compared to ______ of their peers in nondivorced families.

25%; 10%

In 1978, what percentage of children age 5 through 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood?

30%

What percentage of children age 5 to 10 years in 2001 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood?

31%

What percentage of mother-custody children see their fathers on a weekly basis within a few years after the divorce?

35% to 40%

It is estimated that ______ of children between the ages of 4 and 10 are diagnosed with ADHD.

7%

The International Labor Organization has estimated that about ______ children and adolescents are employed worldwide.

73 million

Same-gender playgroups occur in about 30% to 40% of 2- to 3-year-olds. What percentage of same-gender playgroups are present during middle childhood?

90%

It has been estimated by the International Labor Organization that about 73 million children ages 5-11 are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children are employed in developing countries?

95%

Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?

A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean/

Low self-esteem in Western cultures is associated with ______.

anxiety, depression, and antisocial behavior

For monozygotic (MZ) twins, what is the correlation between their IQ scores?

.75

S. grew up in Shanghai, China; one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is most likely that all three learned ______ as their second language.

English

By the time Shawna has reaches the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?

Fine motor abilities.

what is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?

Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates. Genetics provide only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.

You are concerned about your daughter. She loves dancing and watching movies about dancing. Unfortunately, she is not very coordinated and definitely has a difficult time with rhythm and movement. What is the likelihood that her self-esteem will be affected?

Her self-esteem might be affected, but she might also be interested in other aspects of dance and not necessarily in dancing herself.

Your son is in middle childhood. He describes his positive and less-strong attributes differently than he described them when he was in early childhood. What is a comment that he is likely to make at this time?

I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting.

When first learning to read, Kara was taught using the phonics approach and Yolanda was taught with the whole-language approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely based on existing research?

Kara will learn to read faster than Yolanda

Which of the following statements about families is TRUE?

Most children of gay and lesbian couples are hetero sexual.

You have been thinking about work as you drive to pick up your 10-year-old son from soccer practice. When he gets into the car, he asks if you are okay because it seems as if you are unhappy. Is this unusual?

No. Children in middle childhood become more aware not only of their emotions, but others' emotions as well.

which statement best describes the history of education in the US?

Prior to 1800, about half of the children didn't attend school

Zarena would have both the SHORTEST school day and school year if she lived in __________.

The USA

Your neighbors eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness.

For 6-year-old Emannuel, which of the following fine motor tasks in developmentally appropriate?

Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name, and writing numbers from 1 to 10

Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?

a child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follow his parents' rules and not use the stove.

9 y/o Xinyin is a boy from China, a collectivistic culture. He would be more likely than his counterpart in the US to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, "I am _________" with the following,

a son

The components of bullying that researchers have identified are aggression, repetition, and ______.

anger and hostility towards others

You have been very interested in the aftereffects of divorce and have carefully evaluated the various situations. In your study of remarriage, you discovered that when a stepfather ______, he increases the likelihood of forming harmonious and close relationships with his stepchildren.

acts warmly and openly to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert stern authority.

Your niece, age 9, is a much better soccer play now than she was at age 4. She is a lot faster and has much better ball control. Her improvement in her soccer skills illustrates growth in ______.

agility

Rates of childhood obesity ____________.

are higher in the US than in most other developed countries

Your neighbors eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter has a BMI of 24, but they are not concerned because they feel she will simply outgrow being overweight. They should be more concerned because as adults, overweight and obese individuals ______.

are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer

rates of overweight and obesity _____.

are rising worldwide

Marian is a 9 y.o and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should ________.

be able to organize and manipulate information mentally

Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma?

being a male

during middle childhood ________.

both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women

During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the _________ that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls.

c. corpus callosum

The finding of greater aggression in Notel after the introduction of TV can best be interpreted as:

causation, because levels of agression were assessed before and after the introduction of TV

during middle childhood ________.

children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once

In middle childhood, ____.

children are more likely to be involved in organized sports than they were when they were younger.

Which of the following is one of the several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs?

children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school

in terms of gender development, during middle childhood ____.

children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other.

During middle childhood, ____.

children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions

During middle childhood,

children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity.

Research on reading and math skills has shown that _______.

children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early math skills as well.

Since your parents' divorce when you were 10 years old, you have been very interested in the research examining divorce. You remember that when your parents were in the process of divorcing, you would get into arguments with your mother, who would respond more harshly than she normally would have, and then you would react very harshly, too. From your reading on the subject, which of the following best describes that scenario?

coercive cycle

How persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements is called social ______.

comparison

Asking a 5-year-old to look at a drawing of 12 girls and 2 boys and asking "are there more girls or more children" is a difficult classification problem before a child is able to ______.

complete challenging mental operations

By the end of middle childhood, gross motor development will ______.

continue to advance for many years yet.

During middle childhood it is very important for children to be able to maintain attention. Why?

parents expect their children to be able to understand and accomplish simple directions and tasks

______ intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights, ideas, and problem-solving strategies.

creative

During the early years of life, outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent. By middle childhood these behaviors ______.

decline substantially

When individuals have great difficulties with impulsiveness and maintaining attention, they might have attention ______ disorder.

deficit/hyperactivity

During middle childhood in most cultures, gender roles become more ______.

divided

Your neighbor's 6-year-old daughter can write the letters of the alphabet, her name, and numbers from 1 to 10. However, her mother is upset that the girl is not performing at what she believes to be a gifted level. In terms of development during middle childhood, your neighbor's daughter is ______.

doing exactly what she should be doing and that her mother needs to relax

When learning to play piano, many people use the memory strategy of EGBDF (Every Good Boy Does Fine) when learning the lines of the treble clef. What is the name of this strategy?

elaboration

Which of the following memory strategies involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember?

elaboration

In Europe a very large-scale study of ADHD was conducted. The results indicated that the symptoms between boys and girls were similar, but that girls were more likely to have ______.

emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers

Dr. Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for her research. She is most likely measuring

emotions

The rising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the course of the 20th century, known as the Flynn effect, is explained by ______.

environment

In developed countries, _____________.

even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development.

By the end of middle childhood ____.

fine motor development has nearly reached adult maturity.

What is the current understanding of how genetics influence obesity?

genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, but rather, genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity.

During middle childhood __________.

girls and boys are more likely to be a slim than at any other time.

Across the world, bilingualism has increased. Based on what you have read in your text, what is the most logical explanation?

greater migration and the growth of the global economy

Watching violent television in middle childhood ____.

has been associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

around the world, child labor _______

has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation

Child labor ____.

has declined worldwide in the last decade

Research on reading and math skills ____.

has found that even some nonhuman animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy.

research on ADHD

has shown that like the American studies, studies in other countries found higher rates among boys than among girls

compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual ____.

have better metalinguistic skills

Your sister-in-law has been frustrated with your 6-year-old nephew's writing skills and development. He is able to write the letters of the alphabet, but cannot write in cursive. She believes that she was able to do so by her son's age. Given your evaluation of the situation, what do you think?

he is doing fine for a 6-year-old. He should not be able to write in cursive for another 2 years.

Marin, an 8 y/o boy, watches high amounts of violence on the television in his room and his parents are usually not around to monitor the content or enforce time limits on his viewing. Which of the following is most accurate based on research?

he is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood.

In the past and in many developing countries today, men have been responsible for ______, whereas women have been responsible for ______.

hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals; caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household

The abbreviation IQ stands for ______ quotient

intelligence

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) ____.

is the most widely used intelligence test for children.

What happens to sibling conflict in middle childhood?

it peaks

Children from India are often fluent in which of the following languages?

local language, hindi, and english

By middle childhood, approximately one-quarter of children's media use is ______, which is the simultaneous use of more than one media form.

media multitasking

When are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?

middle childhood

what is the medical term for nearsightedness?

myopia

In terms of research examining social status, which group of children are never mentioned as either "liked" or "disliked"?

neglected

You have been very interested in determining the best method to teach reading. There are several techniques that exist, only some of which are actually supported by science. You have examined all of the techniques and have determined, based on substantial evidence, that ______ instruction is the most beneficial to young children beginning to learn to read.

phonics-based

Heavy media use is associated with which of the following problems?

poor school performance

What are the categories of social status in middle childhood that researchers have described?

popular, rejected, neglected and controversial children

after his brother accidentally put the peanut butter in the refrigerator, carl heard his father say, "well, that was smart." Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment and it did not mean that his brother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased understanding of __________.

pragmatics

Your 7-year-old niece and 9-year-old nephew are starting to look like they are gaining too much weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing their parents can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese?

prepare healthy foods for meals.

When compared to her 6 y/o sister, Isabelle, an 8th grader, is more likely to describe herself in terms of _______ characteristics

psychological

In developed countries ____.

rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the last several decades.

compared to her brother in the first grade, fari, a 9 y/o in fourth grade, will be MORE likely to ________.

realize that what people say is not always what they mean

selective attention _____.

refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant

Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. he is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Sam is a ____ child.

rejected

What medication listed below is likely to be used to treat ADHD?

ritalin

Younger children are often more distracted by irrelevant information than older children. This is due to the older children being capable of ______.

selective attention

Your mother is an architect. She has always been very skilled at examining and understanding 2-dimensional blueprints and can easily visualize those images as a 3-dimensional structure. According to Gardner, your mother possesses ______ intelligence.

spatial

Compared to Asian students, American schoolchildren

spend more time studying art and music

During middle childhood, bodies are ______.

stronger and the immune systems are better developed

Learning to read requires a person to recognize that letters are ______ and then to match a ______ to each letter or letter combination.

symbols of sounds; speech sound

children who are bilingual _______.

take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming fluent in the first language.

Both Gardner's and Sternberg's theory of intelligence propose ______.

that there are multiple comppnents of intelligence

which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?

the incidence of myopia increases

Why are rates of overweight and obese children rising in developing countries?

their diets are becoming more like the diets in developed countries.

The rates of overweight and obese children are especially high among African American and Latino children. Why?

they tend to watch more TV

A child in Piaget's concrete operational stage is shown 2 round balls of clay that are equal in size. The child watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, "Which has more clay?" the child will likely reply, ______.

they're both the same

Maurice is 8 y/o and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches t the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, "which has more clay?" He will likely reply _____.

they're both the same

According to Piaget, children become capable of what cognitive abilities during concrete operations?

using mental operations

There are 11 subtests for the Wechsler scales. They consist of 6 ______ subtests and 5 ______ subtests.

verbal; performance

In middle childhood, _____ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.

violating trust

Children participating in a study in Guatemala were classified into high-nutrient-level or low-nutrient-level groups (Barrett and Frank, 1987). Compared to children with low nutrient levels, children with high nutrient levels ______.

were more likely to persist in a frustrating situation.