Chapter 7 pre exam review questions

The articulation between C-1 (atlas) & C-2 (axis) is a ______________ that allows this mvt: ______________. - Combined symphysis & gliding; slight mvt's in all directions - Pivot; flexion & extension of the neck ("yes" mvt) - Pivot & gliding; rotation of the head to the left & right ("no" mvt) - Double condyloid; flexion & extension of the neck ("yes" mvt)

)Pivot & gliding; rotation of the head to the left & right ("no" mvt) (The dens (odontoid process) serves as the axis of rotation for the pivot joint formed by the articulation of the dens w/ C-1. (Note - there are also gliding joints between the articular facets of C-1 and C-2).

Arrange the following joints on the stability-mobility scale, from most mobile on the left to most stable on the right. Frontal suture (infant), Frontal suture (adult), elbow, hip, TMJ - Frontal suture (infant) - Frontal suture (adult) - Hip - TMJ - Costovertebral - Elbow

- Hip - TMJ - Elbow - Costovertebral - Frontal suture (infant) - Frontal suture (adult) (Triaxial hip, biaxial TMJ, uniaxial elbow, then nonaxial gliding joints (costovertebral). The infant suture is more "mobile" than the adult suture, since infant sutures are temporarily wide to allow for brain development and growth.)

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint? (multiple answers) - A vertebral body articulating with a neighboring vertebral body - A tooth articulating with its socket in the jaw - The two parietal bones of the skull articulating with each other - An epiphysis articulating with a diaphysis

A tooth articulating with its socket in the jaw The two parietal bones of the skull articulating with each other

Which movement is NOT possible at the wrist joint? - Flexion - Extension - Abduction - Circumduction - Rotation

Abduction The palm-up/palm-down supination/pronation mvt occurs at the radiolunar joints, not the wrist

Based on its degrees of freedom, the wrist (radiocarpal joint) is classified as a ______________ joint. - Triaxial - Gliding - Biaxial - Uniaxial

Biaxial (Fxn'al classification focuses on (as it says!) fxn, not structure. Uni-, bi-, & triaxial categories describe fxn & are more detailed classifications to describe synarthroses (freely movable joints).)

Anatomical features of the knee joint include ______________. (multiple answers) - Bursae to reduce friction and heat build-up - Reinforcing ligaments including the cruciate ligaments - Menisci to shape the tibial surfaces to better fit the femoral condyles

Bursae to reduce friction and heat build-up Reinforcing ligaments including the cruciate ligaments Menisci to shape the tibial surfaces to better fit the femoral condyles

The shoulder girdle consists of which combination of bones? - Ilium, ischium, & pubis - Clavicle, scapula, & sternum - Clavicle, scapula, & humerus - Scapula & humerus

Clavicle, scapula, & sternum

The acetabular labrum acts to ______________ the ______________. - Prevent dislocation of; shoulder joint - Deepen; hip socket - Reinforce; knee joint - Stabilize; shoulder girdle

Deepen; hip socket

Which of the following is the correct association of joint with its classification? - Connecting pubic bones - gliding - Distal radioulnar - pivot - Costovertebral - synchondrosis

Distal radioulnar - pivot

The articulation between C-1 (atlas) and occipital bone is a ______________ that allows this mvt: ______________. - Combined symphysis & gliding; slight mvt's in all directions - Pivot; flexion and extension of the neck ("yes" mvt) - Pivot & gliding; rotation of the head to the left & right ("no" mvt) - Double condyloid; flexion & extension of the neck ("yes" mvt)

Double condyloid; flexion & extension of the neck ("yes" mvt) (While a single condyloid joint, such as the radiocarpal (wrist), acts as a biaxial joint w/ 2 mvt pairs plus combined circumduction; the presence of 2 joints, 1 on either side of the vertebral column, means that 1 side limits the mvt of the other. Thus, tilting the head from side to side involves intervertebral gliding joints, not the articulation between C-1 & the occipital bone. Free mvt is allowed in only 1 plane - the sagittal plane - thus flexion & extension. This joint is special in that it allows a large range of motion for this mvt - most intervertebral joints allow only slight mvt.)

The hip has more range of motion than the shoulder. True or False

False (a) Shoulder (3 DOF, wrist has 2 DOF); (b) shoulder has 0-180 degrees for flexion & abduction & approx. 180 degrees for internal-external rotation, the hip has much less than 180 degrees flexion, about 45 degrees abduction (most people) & about 90 degrees rotation.

Joints connecting ribs to the vertebral column are immovable. True or False

False To allow a deep breath, ribs rotate up & outward while the diaphragm descends. Gliding joints between the vertebral body & head of the rib & between the transverse process & neck of the rib allow this mvt.

What type of tissue is located between the bones in a symphysis? - Fibrocartilage - Hyaline cartilage - Spongy bone - Synovial fluid

Fibrocartilage

The jaw is a ______________ joint. - Hyaline - Gliding

Gliding

Like the ______________, the shoulder is classified as ______________ based upon its degrees of freedom. - Hip & wrist; triaxial - Wrist; biaxial - Hip; triaxial - Hip & vertebral column; nonaxial

Hip; triaxial

Nursemaid's elbow involves dislocation of the ______________ joint. - Humeroulnar -Humeroradical - Radioulnar

Humeroradical

What type of tissue is located between the bones in a synchondrosis? - Fibrocartilage - Hyaline cartilage - Short connective tissue fibers - Bone

Hyaline cartilage

Why does the knee have menisci?

Menisci play a role in shock absorption & also help to properly distribute the load of the body's mass onto the tibial surface. Menisci shape the tibial surface to better fit the femoral condyles. The water in fibrocartilage helps to resist compression as well.

In a suture, which is ______________ movable; bones are connected by ______________. - Slightly; fibrocartilage - Not; hyaline cartilage - Not; short connective tissue fibers - Slightly; bone tissue

Not; short connective tissue fibers

Actions of the proximal & distal radioulnar joint are: - Pronation & supination - Flexion & extension - Circumduction

Pronation & supination

The normal extent of a specific mvt possible at a synovial joint is known as its ______________. - Degrees of freedom - Range of motion - Anatomical position - Classification by structure

Range of motion

Which 2 joint types share the same degrees of freedom? - Gliding & hinge - Hinge & condyloid - Saddle & condyloid (Ellipsoid) - Suture & symphysis

Saddle & condyloid (Ellipsoid)

Which of the following is the correct association of joint w/ its classification? - Shoulder - triaxial - Costovertebral - synchondrosis - Connecting vertebral bodies - gliding

Shoulder - triaxial

Discuss why, following a stroke (cerebrovascular accident causing paralysis of 1 side of the body), the affected shoulder joint becomes subluxed (partially dislocated).

Since the shoulder joint is so loose, due to a very shallow socket (glenoid fossa) that only partially contacts the humeral head, many soft tissue structures stabilize the joint. Among those structures are the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, which connect muscles originating on the scapula & inserting on the upper humerus. The tendons wrap around the humeral head & help hold it approximated to the glenoid labrum. However, in order for the tendons to have the tension required to perform this fxn, there must be adequate baseline contraction of the muscles involved. Normal postural tone (resting contraction) provides this tension - but when the muscles become paralyzed following a stroke, that tension is lost. Loose tendons cannot hold the humerus closely approximated to the glenoid fossa, & the humeral head falls away from the socket.

For the articulations between most ("typical") pairs of vertebrae, including T-1 w/ T-2, the bodies are connected by ______________ joints & the superior & inferior articular facets on the arches are connected by ______________ joints. - Symphysis; pivot - Syndesmosis; condyloid - Synchondrosis; gliding - Symphysis; gliding

Symphysis; pivot

What role, if any, does synovial fluid play in joint homeostasis? - Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts. - Synovial fluid provides nutrients to & removes wastes from chondrocytes. - Blood vessels in the joint space release oxygen to the synovial fluid. - Synovial fluid does not have a role in homeostasis.

Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts. Synovial fluid provides nutrients to & removes wastes from chondrocytes. (Articular cartilage, composed of hyaline cartilage, lacks a blood supply. Yet, there are living cells (chondrocytes) that require oxygen & nutrients, & from which, wastes (e.g., CO_22​) must be removed. Synovial fluid performs this fxn in synovial joints.)

As you fully extend and "lock" your knee, ______________. - The femur rotates on the tibia - It's acting as a uniaxial hinge joint - The populiteus muscle acts to lock the knee in extension

The femur rotates on the tibia (While we describe the mvt's of the knee as simply "flexion & extension", the knee is actually more complex than hinge joints such as the elbow. As the knee extends to its maximal range, there is rotation between femoral & tibial condyles. Furthermore, the locked knee requires action of a special muscle - the popliteus - to unlock.)

What reduces friction and heat build-up in the hip joint? - The hyaline cartilage that makes up the articular cartilage - Synovial fluid

The hyaline cartilage that makes up the articular cartilage Synovial fluid (Synovial fluid is largely water, & a feature of water that makes it useful for life is its ability to lubricate (prevent heat build-up & lower friction). Hyaline cartilage is exceedingly smooth, which also contributes to lowering friction between moving parts.)

As you abduct your shoulder to full range of motion, ______________. - The scapula abducts - The scapula retracts

The scapula abducts Roughly 1/3 of the range for shoulder abduction is provided by the scapulothoracic joint, which allows mvt of the scapula on the thorax. Scapular protraction/abduction accompanies shoulder abduction. Scapular mobility is essential for full a range of shoulder mvt's.

The shoulder has more degrees of freedom of movement than the wrist. True or False

True

Gliding joints are true synovial joints, w/ synovial membrane & synovial fluid contained in a joint capsule. True or False

True (Gliding joints are small & numerous, but generally don't produce clearly identifiable mvt's such as flexion or abduction. Thus, students often forget that they, too, are synovial joints.)

A normally mobile scapulothoracic joint is essential to allowing full range of motion for shoulder mvt's. True or False

True (The ratio of scapular to glenohumeral mvt is 1:2 thruout the entire range of "shoulder" flexion & abduction.)

The great majority of synchondrosis joints are present only during childhood. True or False

True The epiphyseal disk or growth plate joins epiphysis to diaphysis in children's long bones. Since the epiphyseal disk is composed of hyaline cartilage, we have just described a synchondrosis. Once the cartilage disk converts to bone (when the epiphyses close), then the bone is no longer capable of increasing in length, & the synchondrosis joint is now gone.

The wrist (radiocarpal) joint is unable to rotate. True or False

True The wrist is a condyloid joint (structural classification), which is biaxial (functional classification). As such, it can flex, extend, abduct, & adduct - plus combine these 2 mvt pairs to circumduct. What looks like rotation of the wrist is actually the pronation-supination mvt allowed at the pivot joint formed by proximal & distal radioulnar joints.

Give the reasons for & against classifying the knee as a hinge joint. In which category do you think the knee belongs? Consult outside sources & document your response.

​While most anatomy texts will list the knee as a hinge, kinesiologists are more likely to argue that the knee is much too complicated to be classified as a hinge. The locking mechanism requires a longitudinal rotation that is not seen in classic uniaxial hinge joints such as the elbow or interphalangeal joints. Furthermore, lateral mvt can be demonstrated - thus, from a biomechanics or kinesiology point of view, this is a joint with more than 1 degree of freedom.